DIODE

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DIODE
A semiconductor diode is
composed of two electrodes, the
anode and cathode, which are
illustrated as a hole-electron pair

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 In electronics, a diode is a
component that restricts the
directional flow of charge carriers.

Essentially, a diode allows an

electric current to flow in one
direction, but blocks it in the
opposite direction.
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anode
The positive region which
composed of holes.

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cathode
The negative region which
composed of electron.

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 The principle of operation of
thermionic diodes was discovered
by Frederick Guthrie in 1873.[1]

The principle of operation of

crystal diodes was discovered in
1874 by the German scientist,
Karl Ferdinand Braun.
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Karl Ferdinand Braun
(1874)

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 Thermionic diode principles were
rediscovered by Thomas Edison on
February 13, 1880 and he took out a
patent in 1883 (U.S. Patent 307,031 ),
but developed the idea no further.

Braun patented the crystal rectifier in

1899 . Braun's discovery was further
developed by Sir Jagdish Bose into
a useful device for radio detection.
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Thomas Edison

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 The first radio receiver using a crystal
diode was built around 1900 by
Greenleaf Whittier Pickard.

The first thermionic diode was

patented in Britain by John Ambrose
Fleming (scientific adviser to the
Marconi Company and former Edison
employee) on November 16, 1904 (
U.S. Patent 803,684 in November
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1905).
Greenleaf Whittier Pickard
(1900)

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 In 1919 William Henry Eccles
coined the term diode from Greek
roots;
di means 'two', and
ode (from odos) means 'path'.

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Types of diode
There is a host of different
types of diode that are
manufactured and used in
today's electronics. Each type
has different properties and
this makes them suitable for
different applications or jobs.
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Rectifier Diode
The term diode and rectifier will be used
interchangeably; however, the term diode
usually implies a small signal devices with
current typically in the milliamp range; a
rectifier, a power device, conducting from
1 to 100amps or even higher.

Many diodes or rectifiers are identified as

1NXXXX.
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 Zener diodes
Designed for limiting the voltage across its
terminal in reverse bias.

Its greatest application as a voltage

regulator

Application: power supply

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Varicap or varactor diodes:
As variable-capacitance diode because the
junction capacitance varies with the amount of
reverse-bias voltage.

The capacitance can be changed by changing

the reverse voltage.

Application: tuning circuit (TV,FM receiver and

others)

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 Varicap or varactor diodes
These are used as voltage-controlled capacitors.

These are important in PLL (phase-locked loop)

and FLL (frequency-locked loop) circuits,
allowing tuning circuits, such as those in
television receivers, to lock quickly, replacing
older designs that took a long time to warm up
and lock.

A PLL is faster than a FLL, but prone to integer

harmonic locking (if one attempts to lock to a
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broadband signal).
Light emitting diodes:
The light emitting diode or LED is one
of the most popular types of diode.
When forward biased with current
flowing through the junction, light is
produced.

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 LEDs are made of gallium arsenide
(GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide
(GaAsP), or gallium phosphide (GaP).

Infrared (IR)- GaAs which is non visible

Red/Yellow- GaAsP which is visible
Red/Green- GaP which is visible

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Photodiode:
A PN junction that operates in reverse
bias has small window that allows
light to strikes the PN junction that
can create electrons and holes,
causing a current to flow.

For some applications, PIN diodes

work very well as photodetectors.
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 Current Regulator Diode
Often referred to as a constant-current
diode.

This operates in forward bias and the

forward current become a specific
constant value at forward voltages.

The constant forward current called the

regulator current. 25
 Schottky Diode
Used primarily in high-frequency and fast
switching application, also known as Hot
Carrier Diodes.

Formed by joining a doped semiconductor

region with metal such as gold, silver, or
platinum.

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PIN diode:
This diode type has areas of P-type
and N-type silicon, but between them
there is an area of Intrinsic
semiconductor.

When forward-biased, it acts like a

current-controlled variable resistance.
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 Tunnel Diode
Tunnel diode exhibits a special
characteristics known as
negative resistance.

This features makes it useful in

oscillator and microwave amplifier
applications.
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 LASER Diode
LASER term stands for Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
Laser light is monochromatic, which
means that it consists of a single color and
not a mixture of colors.

Laser light is coherent light , a single

wavelength, as compared to incoherent
light, which consists of a wide band of
wavelength. 29
Cat's whisker:
This type of diode was the earliest
type to gain widespread acceptance.
It consisted of a small wire placed on
a piece of mineral crystal.

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TESTING DIODE

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 Defective Diode
The tester wont deflect even the
probe is reverse. The diode is OPEN.

The resistance reading deflects and

measures the same in both direction.
The diode is SHORTED.
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 Testing LED
DO the same step as that of the diode.
But instead of monitoring the pointer of the
tester, the LED itself can be used as tester
by connecting the positive probe of the
tester to the negative terminal lead of the
LED. (X1 ohm setting).

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 If the light glows, obviously the LED is OK,
if it dont, the LED is defective.

MAKE SURE that the Multi-tester and the

battery are in good condition.

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