UNIT IV INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Causes of Accidents Prevention Safety

Provisions Industrial Health and Hygiene
Importance Problems Occupational
Hazards Diseases Psychological problems
Counseling Statutory Provisions.
 Industrial Accidents

According to the Factories Act, 1948,

Industrial accident is an occurrence in an
industrial establishment causing bodily injury
to a person which makes him unfit to resume
his duties in the next 48 hours.
 Causes of accidents in
industries
1. Unsafe conditions:
- Nature of job
- Nature of machinery and equipments:
-Poor physical conditions:
- Psychological climate at the work place
- Work schedule:
2. Unsafe acts
- Operating without authority
- Failing to secure equipment or warning
other employees of possible danger
 Failure to use personal safety equipment
Throw material on the floor carelessly
Operating or working at unsafe speeds
Using unsafe procedures in loading, packing,
mixing
Using unsafe equipments
Lifting improperly
Easing, abusing, horseplay
 Other Causes
Bad working conditions
Rough and slippery floors
Behaviour of dominating supervisors
Carelessness in handling dangerous material
Untrained employees
Addition to alcoholism and drugs.
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
1. Use of safety devices
2. Safety campaigns and posters
3. Safety committees:
4. Safety training:
5. Safety habits:
6. Attention to individual differences:
7. Means of removing fatigue:
8. Environmental factors:
9. Educational measures:
10.Case study approach:
 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
Industrial safety is defined as measures or
techniques implemented to reduce the
risk of injury, loss and danger to persons,
property or the environment.
NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
1. Loss of human lives:
2. Financial cost of disability and death
3. Corporate social responsibility:
4. Insurance premium cost:
5. Fine or imprisonment for safety
lapses:
 Statutory safety provisions under Factories Act, 1948

1. Fencing of machinery [Section 21]:

2. Work on near machinery in motion [Section 22]
3. Employment of child labour on dangerous machines
[Section 23]
4. Striking gear and devices for cutting-off power
[Section 24]
5. Self-acting machines [Section 25]
6. Casing of new machinery [Section 26]
7. Prohibition of employment of women and children
near cotton openers [Section 27]
8. Hoists, lifts, lifting machines, and others
[Sections 28-29]
9. Revolving machinery [Section 30]
10. Pressure Plants [Section 31]
11. Floor , stairs and means of access [Section 32]
12. Pits, sumps, openings in floors, and others
[Section 33]
13. Excessive weights [Section 34]
14. Protection of eyes [Section 35]
15. Precautions against dangerous fumes, gases,
and others [Section 36]
16. Precautions regarding use of
portable electric light [Section 36-A]
17. Explosive or inflammable dust, Gas
[Section 37]
18. Precautions in case of fire [Section
38]
19. Specifications of defective parts or
tests of stability [Section 39]
20. Safety of buidlings and machines
[Secction 40]
21. Power to make rules [Section 41]
 IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
1. Accident avoidance
2. Cost prevention:
3. Improved employee satisfaction and
commitment:
4. Legal compliance:
5. Better industrial relations:
6. Formalising the safety process and
programme:
7. Increases productivity:
8. Raises employee morale:
 INDUSTRIAL HEALTH
Health : a state of complete physical , mental
and social well being and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity.

Industrial health: System of public health and

preventive medicine, which is applicable to
industrial concerns.
Industrial Health and state its
importance
The W.H.O has defined the term health as Health
is the
The promotion and maintain the physical,
mental and social wellbeing of the workers in
all occupations.
Preventing workers from hazards caused by
working conditions
Protecting the workers in their environment
from risk and dangers
Placing an employee in an environment adapted
to his physical and mental ability.
OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH
Reduce absenteeism and labour turnover rate
Improve efficiency and productivity of the
workers
Reduce indiscipline
Lessens industrial discontentment
Improve motivation and morale
Reduce occupational diseases
Enable the workers to work for longer periods
of work
STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL
HEALTH
1. Cleanliness[ Section 11]:
- Every factory should be kept clean and free from
effluvia from any drain like
i. Accumulation of dirt and refuse shall be
removed
ii. Floor of every workroom shall be cleaned
atleast once in every week
iii. Where a floor is liable to become wet in the
course of manufacturing process, effective means
of drainage is provided
iv. All inside walls and partitions, all
ceilings ,walls, sides and tops of passages and
staircases shall be
- painted/varnished, repainted/revarnished
atleast once in 5 years
- Where they are panited with washable water
paint, be repainted with one coat---once in 3
years
- Where they are painted or varnished or have
impervious surfaced cleaned once in 4 years.
- Be kept whitewashed, or colour washed
once in every 14 months.
v. Doors and window frames and other
wooden/metallic frame work and shutters
kept painted/varnished
vi. Dates on which the processes required
entered in the prescribed register.
2. Disposal of Wastes and Effluents [Section
12]:
- Treatment of wastes and effluents:
- Rule by the state Government Prescribing
Arrangements:
3. Ventilation and Temperature[Section 13]:
i. Effective and suitable provision to be made in
factories in every work room
a. Adequate ventilation
b. Adequate temperature
ii. Walls and roofs shall be of such material such
that the temperature shall be kept low
iii. Protect the workers from high temperature
by separating the process, insulating the hot
parts.
4. Dust and Fumes [Section 14]:
i. Measures for prevention of inhalation or
accumulation of dust and fumes:
ii. Exhaust for internal combustion engines:
5. Artificial Humidification [Section 15 (1)]:
In respect of all factories in which the humidity
of the air is artificially increased , the rules are
i. Prescribing standards of humidification
ii. Regulating the methods used.
iii. Directing prescribed test for determining the
humidity of the air to be correctly carried-out
iv. Prescribing methods to be adopted for
securing adequate ventilation and cooling of
the air and the workrooms.
6. Overcrowding [Section 16]:
i. No room is overcrowded:
ii. In every workroom , atleast 14.2 cubic
metres of space has to be provided for every
workers
iii. Posted in each workroom, specifying the
maximum number of workers be employed in
room.
7. Lighting [Section 17]:
To avoid eye-strain of the workers, proper
lighting has to be provided.
i. Sufficient and suitable lighting shall be
provided and maintained, natural or artificial.
ii. All glazed windows and skylights used have
to cleaned on both inner and outer surfaces.
iii. Prevention of
- Glare, either directly from a source of
light
- The formation of shadows.
8. Drinking Water [Section 18]:
i. Suitable points for wholesome
drinking water
ii. Drinking points to be legibly
marked and to be away fro urinal,
latrine:
iii. Cooling of drinking water where
more than 250 workers employed:
iv. Rules by the state government.
9. Latrine and Urinals [Section 19]:
i. In every factory:
a. Sufficient latrine and urinal accommodation
of prescribed types
b. Separate enclosed accommodation shall be
provided for male and female workers
c. Should be adequately lighted and ventilated
d. Maintained in a clean and sanitary
condition at all times
e. Sweepers shall be employed to keep clean
latrines, urinals and washing places.
10. Spittoons [Section 20]:
i. Sufficient number of spittoons:
ii. Display of notice of provisions of spittoons:
iii. Penalty:
iv. Prescription of rules by the state
government:
 Importance of Industrial Health

Reduce absenteeism and absence-related

costs
Identify and help rectify the reasons for poor
performance
Reduce the impact on pernsion scheme
funds
Prevent work-related ill-health
Facilitate return to work
Effectively manageabsence
Maintain competitiveness and productivity
Meet statutory obligations
 Achieve significant cost savings
Make informed decisions
Boost staff performance, productivity
and profitability
Reduce employee risk
Enhances employees commitment to
the business
Encourages the workforce to stay
longer in active life
Protects and enhances brand image
and brand value.
 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Industrial hygiene is defined as the science and
art devoted to the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation and control of those environmental
factors or stresses arising in or from the
workplace, which may cause sickness,
impaired health and well-being, or discomfort
among workers.
 PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
1. Envrionmental health hazards can be
measured quantitatively
2. Continuous surveillance must be carried out
3. Occupational exposure limits must be
adhered to
4. Health effects usually show a dose-response
relationship.
IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE

1. Industrial health:
i. Healthy employees are more productive,
more safety conscious and are more regular
to work
ii. Reduce organisational cost as it prevents
industrial accidents
iii. Demonstrate that a business is socially
responsible
iv. Protects and enhances brand image and
brand value
v. Enhances employees commitment
vi. Encourages the workforce to stay longer in
active life
2. Industrial Hygiene:
i. Anticipate, identify, evaluate,
control occupational health hazards
ii. Develop and maintain programmes
regarding human health
iii. Maintain high standard of
professionalism and objectivity.
 PROBLEMS RELATED TO
INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE
1. Employer:
- Cost insurance expenses, health and medical expenses,
accident expenses.
2. Employee:
- Lack regularity
- Pay less attention
- Show less interest
- Demanding extra facilities creates disturbances.
3. Organisation:
- Create safe and tidy environment
- Keep appropriate amount of first-aid
 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD
Occupational hazard means any condition of
a job that can result in illness or injury.
Occupational hazards can be divided into two
categories:
- Safety hazards
-Health hazards.
 SAFETY HAZARDS
Hazards that cause accidents that
physically injure workers.
Results in
Catastrohic [ death and/or permanent
injury ]
Critical [ Serious injury]
marginal [minor injury]
negligible [no injury]
 SAFETY HAZARDS
1. Workplace accidents: If the injury occurred due to
the work or working confitions.
2. Workplace violence:
- Internal workplace violence
- External workplace violence.
HEALTH HAZARDS: It is something that has the
potential to cause an adverse health effect.
3. Alcoholism and drug abuse:
4. Hazardous substances:
- Short term health problems:
- Long term health problems:
3. Occupational diseases:
4. AIDS and other bloodborne pathogens:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES:
It is a condition produced in the work
environment over a period longer than one
workday or shift.
Results from systematic infection, repeated stress
or strain , or exposure to toxins ,poisons.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
1. Lead Poisoning:
. Cable makers, lead pipe makers, painters and
plumbersbattery factories.
. Inhalation of the dust or fumes of lead and lead
compounds
. Joint pain, intestinal disorders
2. Phosphorus poisoning:
. Inhalation, ocular, oral, dermal , --phosphorous
. White phosphorousSerious burns
. Chronic exposure development of chronic
chemical bronchitis.
. Phosphine posioning Depression, liver damage
3. Mercury poisoning:
Also known as hydrargyria/mercurialism
Forms of mercury liquid mercury,
inorganic mercury salts, organic mercury.
Mercury is breathed in or after it comes
into contact with the skin
Chronic exposure infammation of the
mouth and gums and loosening of the
teeth.
Shorter but severe exposure trouble in
breathing due to inflammation of lung
tissue, nausea, vomiting.
4.Manganese poisoning:
Excessive exposure to manganese.
It effects the respiratory tract and in the
brains.
Hallucinations, forgetfulness, nerve damage
Causes Parkinson, lung embolism and
bronchitis
5. Silicosis:
Caused by inhaling dust containing silica
Workers in potteries, ceramics, metal grinding
etc
Eats away the lungs causing respiratory
trouble
6. Asbestos:
Effects workers engaged in handling
and crushing of crude asbestos,
making of asbestos mattresses.
7. Bagassossis:
Occupational disease of the lungs
caused by inhalation of bagase or
sugar cane dust
Cough, breathlessness, slight fever
and blood in sputum
Chronic exposure leads to diffuse
fibrosis of the lung and bronchiactasis.
8. Pheumoconiosis:
Chronic lung disease caused due to the
inhalation of various forms of dust
particles.
9. Skin diseases:
1. Pheumoconiosis:
2. Skin diseases
. These diseases are caused by such
irritants as acids, solvents, bases etc
. Dermatitis [Eczema] is inflammation of
the upper layers of the skin, causing
itchng, blisters, redness, swelling.
10. Caisson disease:
Those working caisson on harbour
construction or in the building of tunnels
suffer from this disease.
Occurs when certain harmful gases get
dissolved in blood cells.
11. Anthrax:
Disease of animals
Men engaged in handling wool, hair
bristles or animal carcasses are affected
by it
Germs enter the skin through a cut or
scratch on it.
MEASURES FOR OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASES:
1. Preventive measures: Pre-
employment and periodic medical
examination
- Removal of health hazards
- Surveillance over certain classes of
workers.
- Emergency treatment for accidents
- Training of first-aid personnel and
education of workers
 2. Curative measures:

- Restrictions on employment of women at

certain hours and places
- Protection for young persons
- Provisions of first aid and ambulance
services
-Provisions relating to cleanliness, disposal of
wasters and effluents, ventilation, temperature
etc.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Psychologicl problems problems refer to
behavioural problems ie, tamper tantrums, etc
 Types of psychological Problems:

1. Depression: State of low mood and aversion

to activity that can effect a persons thoughs,
behaviour, feelings and physical well-being.
2. Anxiety disorders: Bodys natural response
to danger. Restlessness, irritability etc
3. Schizophrenia: Chronic, severe and
disabling brain disease.
4. Impulse control disorders: They cannot avoid
doing things that might bring harm to
themselves or others
5. Personal disorders: Group of psychiatric
conditions in which a persons long term
behaviours, emotions and thought are very
different from their cultures expectations.
6. Adjustment disorders: An emotional and
behavioural reaction that develops within
three months of a life stress
7. Family problems: Family is the centre and
structure of the society. Marital/family
problems, alcohol or drug abuse, job stress
etc.
REMEDIES OF SAFETY AND HEALTH HAZARDS
1. Develop and implement policies:
2. Generate commitment:
3. Follow proactive approach:
4. Incorporate motivational practices:
5. Adopt participative approach:
6. Provide education and training:
 COUNSELLING
Counselling is a process
in which the counsellor assists the
counselee
to make interpretations of facts
relating to a choice,
plan or adjustments
which he needs to make.
 FEATURES OF
1. Person COUNSELLING
to person relationship:
2. Learning-oriented process:
3. Involves confrontation:
4. Continuous and time-consuming process
5. Formed for a recognized and agreed-
upon purpose
6. Time-bound
7. Carries authority;
8. Controlled relationship
9. Deals with wellness, personal growth,
career, and pathological concerns
10. Theory based:
11. Developmental or intervening
process:
12. HRD tool:
NEED FOR COUNSELLING:
1. Stress:
2. Pre-promotional
3. Disciplinary action:
4. Mid-career:
5. Pre-retirement:
 PARTICIPANTS IN COUNSELLING
1. Client:
2. Counsellor:
3. Relative participants:
OBJECTIVES OF COUNSELLING:
4. To facilitate behaviour change:
5. To improve relationships:
6. To improve awareness:
7. To assist in decision-making:
8. To facilitate clients potential
9. To normalise distress:
10.To enhance coping skills:
 LEVELS OF COUNSELLING

1. Informal counselling:
2. Non-specialist counselling by professionals:
3. Professional counselling:
PROCESS OF COUNSELLING:
4. Need awareness:
5. Development of relationship:
6. Expression of feelings and clarification of
problems:
7. Exploration of deeper feelings:
8. Integration of conflicting situations and
feelings
9. Developing the awareness of counselee:
10.Using counselling benefits:
 PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELLING
1. Setting goals:
2. Gaining commitment:
3. Anticipating situations:
4. Assessing results:
5. Making of records;
Counselling skills;
6. Active listening:
7. Reflect thoughts and feelings:
8. Questioning:
9. Paraphrasing
5. Summarising:
6. Responding:
- eye contact:
- Body posture:
-Head nods:
7. Clarify the problem:
8. Focus on feelings:
9. Accept the persons frame of reference:
10. Silence:
11. Maintain confidentiality:
LIMITATIONS OF COUNSELLING
1. Ignoring the problem
2. Expensive:
3. Disagreement over standards:
4. Negative attitude:
5. Disagreement about existence of
problem.