Air Pollution

ORGANICAIRPOLLUTANTS
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Butadiene
Carbondisulfide
Carbonmonoxide
1,2Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Formaldehyde
Polycycliaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)
Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)
PolychlorinateddibenzodioxinsandDibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs)
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichlorethylene
 INORGANICAIRPOLLUTANTS
Arsenic
Asbestos
Cadmium
Chromium
Fluoride
Hydrogensulfide
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Platinum
Vanadium
 CLASSICALAIRPOLLUTANTS
Nitrogendioxide
Ozoneandotherphotochemicaloxidants
Particulatematter
Sulfurdioxide
 What is air pollution?
contamination of the
air by noxious gases
and minute particles
of solid and liquid
matter (particulates)
in concentrations
that endanger health
Air pollution only
occurs outdoors
 Sources of Outside Air
Pollution
Combustion of gasoline and
other hydrocarbon fuels in
cars, trucks, and airplanes
Burning of fossil fuels (oil,
coal, and dinosaur bones)
Insecticides
Herbicides
Everyday radioactive fallouts
Dust from fertilizers
Mining operations
Livestock feedlots
 A major form of air pollution is emissions
given off by vehicles.

The number of cars in EU has doubled

between 1970 and 1994 3% per year
 Whats in smog
particulates
(especially lead)
nitrous oxides
potassium
Carbon monoxide
Other toxic
chemicals
 Sources of Indoor pollution
Efficient insulation
Bacteria
Molds and mildews
Viruses
animal dander and cat saliva
plants
house dust
Mites
Cockroaches
pollen
 Effects on the environment
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
In human
population-
respiratory
problems, allergies,
strengthens lugs,
and a risk for cancer
 Acid rain
contains high levels of
sulfuric or nitric acids
contaminate drinking
water and vegetation
damage aquatic life
erode buildings
Alters the chemical
equilibrium of some soils
 Strategies
Air Quality Management Plan
Development of new

technology- electric cars,

cleaner fuels, low nitrogen
oxide boilers and water
healers, zero polluting
paints, less polluting BBQ
lighter fluids
Use of natural gas
Carpooling
Follow the laws enacted
 Urban Emissions
There are small emissions of NOx from industrial
processes
The main emissions are from combustion.
There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so
the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air.
Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most
fuels.
Particulate matter describes matter below 10m
aerodynamic diameter.
 Role of Engines and Fuel
Different engines and fuel
combinations give out different
emissions in different quantities.

Some engines have catalysts which

effectively remove part of the
harmful gases.
 Catalytic Converters and
Particle Traps
Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to
reduce NOx emissions.
CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2
Platinum Honeycomb
Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and
NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if
the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur
content.
The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is
diesel.
 STRATEGIE
The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach:

Based on scientific knowledge

Using best available, quality-controlled real-
world data
With close involvement of stakeholders:

1. Project future emissions and air quality resulting

from full implementation of current EU
legislation
2. Explore scope and costs for further measures
3. Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios
4. Estimate benefits of policy scenarios
Scopeforfurthertechnicalemissionreductions
CAFEbaselinewithclimatemeasures,EU25
% of 2000 emissions
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM2.5

2000 CAFE baseline 2020, current legislation Maximum technical reductions 2020
MainpollutantsusedintheCAFEassessment
 ParticulateMatter(PM)Pollution

- Traffic emissions including diesel engines

- Small combustion sources burnng coal and
wood
- Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC
 Groundlevelozone

- VOC control to reduce ozone in cities

- N0x reduction from traffic
- Control of N0x emissions from ships
- Methane reduction
 Multipollutant/multieffectanalysis
foridentifyingcosteffectivepolicyscenarios

RAINS
computer model

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Health Eutrophication Acidification Ozone

CAFE policy targets for 2020

La cuisine photochimique : mais cest trs simple !
Une pince de NOx et quelques photons
pour faire un peu dozone

NO2 + NO + O < 430 nm)

h
O + O2 O3
O3

Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui dtruit une

partie de l'ozone form,
Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop !

O3 + NO
NO2 +
RO2 + O2
NO
 Monitoring of NOX - COV
LES COV LES NOX

40 BTX automatiques 505 NO2 automatiques

en sites fixes
50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes
diffusion, canisters, )

CPG automatiques
(31 composs)
 Dpassements du seuil dinformation et de recommandation
de la population 180g/m3/h t 2003

Nb dvnements de dpassement Dures cumules des dpassements

86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dpassement du seuil 180

Dure moyenne des dpassements : 34h par capteur,
Principales rgions concernes : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhne Alpes
Les zones habituellement pargnes du littoral Atlantique ont t touches
 Lt 2003 sest galement caractris par des niveaux
levs de <NO2 et de particules en raison dune forte
activit photochimique
Et 2002
Echantillons darosols prlevs
chaque semaine au Pic du Midi t 2002
(3000m )depuis Juin 2002
(LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE)

Et 2003

filtres du 1-8 Aot et

Du 8-15 Aot
Effet canicule ?

Source:C.Liousseetal.2004CNRS
 Dpassements du seuil dalerte de la nouvelle directive 2002/3/CE
(240g/m3/h ) t 2003
Nb de dpassements du seuil 240/3h
Nb de dpassements du seuil 240/1h
13 jours de dpassements

2 jours en juillet : le 10 et le 15
11 jours conscutifs du 2 au 13 aot

PACA : 8j Paris :6j Centre, Lorraine : 3j

RA : 2j - Alsace , Bretagne, L R : 1j
 PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONS

Exceptional ozone pollution in time and space during summer 2003

85 days over the threshold 180/h in 2003

13 days over the threshold 240/h in 2003

strong correlation between day temperature /maximal ozone valuesq corrlation

tempratures diurnes/valeurs maximales en ozone

High values of PM10 and NO2

More than 30 millions of person exposed at threshold over

Meteorologic conditions ( high temperatures, no wind,

sunny, no cloud) explains this phenomenon
 Expected benefits

Emission of road transport sector in Europe

Index 100:
Indice 1996
1995=100

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
CO NOx PM-diesel COV Benzne SO2 CO2
 Expected benefits
(All sources in France)
- 43% NOx between 2001 and 2010
- 37% COV between 2001 and 2010

programme of rduction 2003-2010

(simulations by Prvair) :
- duration of exposition to threshold

(180g/m3) divided by 5
- exposition to concentrations higher than

120g/m3 divided by 2
Surveillance de la pollution : les rseaux
Les AASQUA (associations agres pour la surveillance de la qualit de lair) bnficient
dune dlgation de service public pour :
Surveiller de la qualit de lair

Prvoir les pisodes de pollution

Informer les autorits et les citoyens
Evaluer limpact des mesures de

rduction des missions

Des structures pluralistes o sont
reprsents (4 collges) :
LEtat et ses services
Les collectivits locales et rgionales
Les industriels et entreprises de transport
Les associations de dfense de

lenvironnement et de la qualit de vie

 Surveillance de la pollution : les alertes

La surveillance de la pollution repose encore essentiel-

lement sur la notion de pic de pollution dfini par
des seuils et des normes nationales.
Les alertes, efficaces dans le cas de la pollution dorigine
industrielle, le sont beaucoup moins dans le cas de la
pollution photochimique.
FLOWINFORMATION