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5.1
Exponents and
Scientific Notation
Exponents
Exponents that are natural numbers are
shorthand notation for repeating factors.
34 = 3 3 3 3
3 is the base
4 is the exponent (also called power)
z3 z2 z5 = z3+2+5 = z10
Zero Exponent
If a does not equal 0, then a0 = 1.
Example:
Simplify each of the following expressions.
50 = 1
(xyz3)0 = x0 y0 (z3)0 = 1 1 1 = 1
x0 = (x0) = 1
Example
Evaluate the following.
50 = 1
x0 = (x0) = 1
The Quotient Rule
Quotient Rule for Exponents
If a is a nonzero real number and m and n are integers, then
m
a m n
n
a
a
a0
Example
Use the quotient rule to simplify.
x7 74
x x 3
x4
20 x 6 6 5
5x 5 x or 5 x
1
4x5
9a 4 b7 9 a 4 b 7 4 1 7 2
2 3( a )( b ) 3a 3 5
b
3ab 2
3 a b
Group common
bases together
Negative Exponents
Negative Exponents
If a is a real number other than 0 and n is a positive integer,
then
n 1
a n
a
Example
Simplify and write with positive exponents only.
1 1
3 2
2
3 9
1 1
( 4) 4
( 4) 4
256
3 2
(3 x )( x ) 3x 32 3x 1
x6
6 3x 16 3x 7 3
x6 x x7
Example
Simplify. Assume that a and t are nonzero integers
and that x is not 0.
x 2a x 3 x 2 a 3
2 t 1
x x 2t 1
t 5 x (2 t 1)( t 5)
x 2 t 1t 5
x t 4
x x t 5
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation
A positive number is written in scientific notation if it is
written as a product of a number a, where
1 a < 10, and an integer power r of 10.
a 10r
Writing a Number in Scientific Notation
b. 6.45 10-5
Since the exponent is a negative 5, we move the
decimal 5 places to the left.
00006.45 10-5 = 0.0000645