Etiology,

Epidemiology &
Differential
Diagnosis for CAD
JOHN PETER LOVINGSKI R. ESPORLAS

BS PT 3-1
ETIOLOGY

Coronary artery becomes narrowed or blocked, the area

of the heart muscle supplied by that artery becomes
ischemic and injured, and infarction may result.
The major disorders caused by insufficient blood
supply to the myocardium are angina pectoris and
myocardial infection.
CAD includes atherosclerosis (fatty buildup),
thrombus (blood clot), and spasm (intermittent
constriction)
ETIOLOGY

The early studies from Framingham

identified cigarette smoking,
hypertension, and hyperlipidemia as the
three major risk factors of heart disease
 Epidemiology & Demographics

Incidence: Increased age

a. Globally, 7.9% for men and 5.1% for women. (Ferri,2017)

b. CAD is rising among Women and falling among Men (Goodman,
2016)
.Peak Incidence:

a. Women: >55 years old & Men: >45 years old (Goodman, 2015)
b. Women: 85-94 years old & Men: 35-74 years old (Sullivan,
2014)
.Ethnicity
Epidemiology & Demographics

Pre-dominant Sex and Age

- Men develop CAD at a younger age than
women, but women make up for it after
menopause
MODIFIABLE RISK

Cigarette Smoking
Elevated Total Serum Cholesterol Level
Hypertension/High Blood Pressure
Obesity
Physical Inactivity
Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Low Levels of HDL Cholesterol
MODIFIABLE RISK (cont.)

Hormonal Status
Psychologic Factors and Emotional Status
Oxidative Stress
Excessive Alcohol Consumption/Complete
Abstinence
Sedentary Lifestyle
Oxidative Stress
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Non-Modifiable Risk

Age
Gender
Family Hx
Ethnicity
Infection
 Differential Diagnosis

CARDIOVASCULAR CHEST WALL CAUSES

CAUSES
Rib Fracture
Aortic dissection.
SC Arthritis
Pericarditis. Herpes Zoster
Coronary arterial Costochondritis
Pulmonary Causes
vasospasm.
Pneumothorax
Pneumonia
Pleuritis
Pulmonary Embolism