POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

PUMPS

N. B. HEMANT KUMAR

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 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
PUM PS

D y n a m ic ( C e n t r ifu g a l) P o s it iv e D is p la c e m e n t

M e d iu m t o la r g e flo w s L o w t o m e d iu m flo w s
L o w t o m e d iu m p r e s s u r e s P r e s s u r e n o lim it a t io n
V is c o s it y < 2 0 0 C s t

H o r iz o n t a l V e r t ic a l R o ta ry R e c ip r o c a t in g

S in g le / T w o S t a g e Sum p Pum p S c re w M e t e r in g

M u lt is t a g e T u r b in e T y p e G ear P is t o n / P lu n g e r

B a rre l P u m p L iq u id R in g
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 RECIPROCATING PUMPS

Reciprocating Pump is a Constant speed, constant

torque machine whose plungers / pistons are
driven through a crank shaft from an external
source.

Pump Capacity fluctuates with number of Pistons.

In general higher the number of plungers, lesser
the Capacity variations at a given RPM.

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 NPSH
NPSHR : The NPSHR is the head of clean, clear liquid required at the
Suction connection center line to ensure proper Pump suction
operating conditions.
For a given Plunger size, rotating speed, pumping rate, plunger
length there is a specific NPSHR. Any change in these parameters
will change the NPSHR.
NPSHA: Static Head + Atmospheric head Frictional losses Vapor
pressure Velocity Head Acceleration head
at the suction connection center line
It is Good practice to have NPSHA of 2 to 3 m more than the NPSHR
Acceleration head is a very important factor to be considered. Some
times it is as much as 10 times the all other losses put together.

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ACCELERATION HEAD LOSS =
V X Lp X L X (N)2 X (D)2 / ( (10)7 X K1 X (Dp)2)+ K2

Specific Gravity V
Length of Suction in M Lp
Pump stroke lengtyh in m Lp
Pump speed N
Plunger Dia. in mm D
Suction pipe dia. In mm Dp
K1 = 1.5

for Simplex & Duplex

= 4 for Triplex.
K2 = 0.15 for plunger type pumps
= 0.35 for Diaphragm type pumps
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 There is a limitation on the plunger speed. If the
Speed is more than certain value Liquid
separation takes place at the plunger end.
Liquid separation speed:

RPM : 16.6 [( (10.36 hs hf)As)/ LR( l (l/(L/R)))Ap]

hs - Suction head
hf - Frictional head
As - Area of suction pipe in mm2
Ap - Plunger area in mm2
R - Radius of crank in m
L - Length of connecting rod in m
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l - length of suction pipe in m
CONSTRUCTION
Liquid End : It consists of Cylinder, Plunger, Stuffing box,
Valves, Manifolds and Cylinder Head.
Cylinders:
- Instantaneous pressures may be more than 2 to 3 times
the design pressure
- When the pumping liquid contains vapors or entrained
gasses that can be released due to improper suction
conditions, the instantaneous pressures may be more than 4
to 5 times the design pressure.
Plunger :
- The plunger transmits the force that develops the
pressure.
- Plunger can be used upto higher pressures. A piston is
used upto limited pressures only ( say 138 barg ).

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 Stuffing Box:
- Stuffing box is provided to restrict the pumping liquid
leakages.
- It consists of Gland, Upper bushing, 4 5 packing rings
Lower bushing.
- In some cases the packing is provided with a spring
between packing and Lower bushing to make the stuffing
box self adjusting.
Cylinders : Cylinders are provided with Cylinders. If liners
are not provided a re boring allowance is provided. Normally
the cylinders liners are of Ni-resist material.
Manifolds: These are the chambers where liquid is
dispersed or collected for distribution before and after
passing through the cylinder.
The liquid velocities are maintained as 1-1.5 m/sec for
suction and 2-5 m/sec for discharge manifolds.

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 Power end : Power end contains Crank shaft,
connecting rod, cross head, pony rod, bearings, frame.
Relief Valves: This is an important feature to be provided
in the system. Normally set at 110% of the Max.
operating pressure.
Bypass relief Valve: Some times the Pumps are required
to be started loaded. Then the pump requires more
starting Torque. To reduce this high starting Torque
bypass relief valve is provided

In some cases suction valve un loaders are used to

achieve this.
Dampeners : These are used to reduce the pulsations
Discharge Dampeners are usually bladder type. These
will be pre charged to 65% of the Discharge pressure.

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DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
These Pumps are ideally suited for handling slurries
because of lower velocities through check valves.
There are no close fit sliding or rubbing parts and
velocities are low, these pumps can be used for
Viscosities upto 11,000 Cst.
Because of low turbulence and mixing ideally
suited for liquids sensitive to shear like Latex etc.
Can be used for pumping dry powders.
These pump can handle solids in the Pumping
Liquid. In this application the discharge nozzle is
normally provided at the bottom.
Top discharge facilitates expulsion of entrapped air
or vapors present in the pumping liquid.
These pumps are not exactly Positive displacement
in the sense that the Max. pressures can not exceed
more than the supply air pressure.
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 LIMITATIONS:
Beyond the Capacity of 58 m3/hr these pumps are
economically not viable.
These pumps can be run parallel but not serially.

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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVE OF DIAPHRAGM PUMP

Reduction
DIFF. PRESSURE

in air
pressure

CAPACITY 12
 SCREW PUMPS

The liquid is carried between screw threads on

one or more rotors and displaced axially as the
screw rotate in meshed condition

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ADVANTAGES OF SCREW PUMPS:
WIDE RANGE OF FLOWS AND PRESSURES
WIDE RANGE OF LIQUIDS AND VISCOSITIES
HIGH SPEED CAPABILITY FREEDOM OF DRIVER SELECTION
LOW INTERNAL VELOCITIES
SELF-PRIMING , GOOD SUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
HIGH TOLERANCE FOR ENTRAINED AIR AND GASSES
MINIMUM CHURNING OR FOAMING
LOW MECH. VIBRATION , PULSATION FREE FLOW, QUIET OPTN.
RIGGED, COMPACT DESIGN EASY TO INSTALL & MAINTAIN
HIGH TOLERANCE TO CONTAMINATION COMPARED TO OTHER
ROTARY PUMPS

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DISADVANTAGES OF SCREW PUMPS:

RELATIVE LY HIGH COST BECAUSE OF CLOSE

TOLERANCES AND RUNNING CLEARANCES
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS SENSITIVE TO
VISCOSITY CHANGE
HIGH PRESSURE CAPABILITY REQURES LONG
PUMP ELEMENTS

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SCREW PUMP CAPACITY:

BEING A POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP

DELIVERS DEFINITE AMOUNT OF LIQUID PER
REVOLUTION.
Qt = KD3N

BECAUSE OF CLEARANCES THERE IS A

CLEARANCE BETWEEN ROTOR & SHAFT THERE IS
A LEAKAGE CALLED SLIP.

Qa = KD3N - S

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 DELIVERY CAPACITY GETS REDUCED BY:
Decrease in Speed

Decrease in Viscosity

Increase in Differential Pressure

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CUT VIEW OF A SCREW PUMP

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PRESSURE GRADIENT ACROSS A SCREW SET:

DISCHARG
E
SUCTION

ROTOR LENGTH
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PRESSURE CAPABILITY:

SCREW PUMPS CAN BE APPLIED UPTO 345 BAR.

THE PRESSURE CAPABILITY IS LIMITED BY THE
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE RISE ACROSS ONE SET OF
MOVING SEALS.

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 CONSTRUCTION
SCREW PUMPS

SINGLE SCREW TWIN SCREW TRIPLE SCREW

SINGLE END DOUBLE END SINGLE END DOUBLE END

Double end Pumps For low pressure applications. The Axial loads on
the rotor are balanced.
Double end Pumps - Generally applied upto 28 bar. In special designes
upto 97 bar.
Single end design For high pressures , Low viscosities
Single end design balancing arrangement should be provided.

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 SINGLE SCREW PUMP:
CASING : has double helix internal thread and is
constructed of an elastomeric material chemically
bonded to a metallic tube.
ROTOR: has single external helical thread. Rotor is
constructed of Hard chrome stainless steel.

TIMED DESIGN
INTERNAL BEARING DESIGN Requires only

one stuffing box.

EXTERNAL BEARING DESIGN Requires 4

stuffing boxes very expensive.

UNTIMED DESIGN

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 UNTIMED DESIGN:
In untimed design has mating thread forms that

allow necessary driving force to be transmitted

smoothly and continuously between the rotors
without gears.
The Casing supports the rotors. It has no outboard

bearings.
An anti friction bearing provided on the shaft end

of the driven rotor to provided for shaft

positioning.
As all rotors are supported fully by the casing,

there are no bending loads on the rotors

( Note : in case of geared twin rotors the hydraulic

forces cause significant bending loads on rotors)

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SCREW PUMP - PERFORMANCE
INLET CONDITIONS:

Any pump can not suck the liquid. Proper

arrangement shall be made for Inlet liquid to fill
the Cavities.
So rotor speed shall be properly selected.
IN TERNAL AXIAL VELOCITY
LIMITS
DIESEL OIL 32 SSU 9 m/sec.
LUBE OIL 1000 SSU 3.7 m/sec.
FUEL OIL 7000 SSU 2 m/sec.
CELLULOSE 60000 SSU 0.15 m/sec.

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SCREW PUMP - PERFORMANCE
VAPOR PRESSURE:
Pressure falls down because of losses. As this

pressure falls below the Vapor pressure of the

liquid leads to Cavitation, Vibration and
reduction in delivered Capacity

SUCTION LIFT:
Max. Suction Lift Available (MSLA) =

Atmospheric pressure NPSHR.

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SCREW PUMP - PERFORMANCE
VISCOCITY:
Normally a range of Viscosity is specified.

Max. Viscosity and expected Suction Lift

determines the size of the Pump.

Capacity should be selected for Low Viscosity

because of Max. slip at Lowest Viscosity.

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SCREW PUMP - PERFORMANCE
NEWTANIAN & NON-NEWTANIAN LIWUIDS:
Liquids which follow Newton's law of Viscosity are

called Newtonian liquids.

Viscosity of Non-Newtonian liquids vary with the

shear/ agitation . For this kind of installations

data from the similar installations shall be
considered.
SPEED:
As speed increases , it is difficult to fill the
cavities. Also mechanical losses increases due to
shear action. So speed should be selected
accordingly.

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SCREW PUMPINSTALLATION&
OPERATION

PRIMING CONNECTION SHOULD BE PROVIDED AT

SUCTION
RELIEF VALVE SHOULD BE PROVIDED AT
DISCHARGE.
RV SETTING SHOULD BE AT 10% ABOVE MAX.
WORKING PRESSURE.

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 ROTARY PUMPS

THESE ARE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS IN

WHICH THE MAIN PUMPING ACTION IS CAUSED BY
RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN THE ROTATING
AND STATIONARY ELEMENTS OF THE PUMP
AS THE LIQUID IS CARRIED BETWEEN THE
CAVITIES WITH CLOSE CLEARANCES , NORMALLY
THESE PUMPS DO NOT REQUIRE INLET AND
OUTLET VALVES.
THESE ARE USEFUL IN HANDLING LIQUIDS WITH
GASSES/ VAPORS.

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ROTARY PUMP - TYPES
Gear Pumps Internal type & External type.
Lobe Pumps - Internal type & External type.
Screw Pumps
Circumferential Piston Pumps
Sliding Vane Pumps

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GEAR PUMP ( INTERNAL )

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GEAR PUMP

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LOBE PUMP

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VACUUM PUMPS:

USED IN:
FOR PRIMING LARGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

FOOD PROCESSING

FOR VACUMUM FILTRATION USED IN SEWAGE,

CHEMICAL, FOOD OR FIBROUS PRODUCTS

CONDENSING PROCESSES TO EVACUATE

CONDENSERS AND TO REMOVE AIR LEAKAGE

DRYING DISTILLATION

DEARATION

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TYPES OF VACUUM PUMPS:

DRY TYPE
LOBE TYPE

SLIDING VANE PUMPS ETC.

LIQUID TYPE
LIQUID JET TYPE

LIQUID RING TYPE

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LIQUID RING TYPE PUMPS:

SUCTION CASING
SUCTION PLATE CONTAINING SUCTION PORT &
LIQUID CHANNEL
IMPELLER
LIQUID RING GENERATED BY IMPELLER
(CENTRIFUGAL FORCE )
DISCHARGE PLATE CONTAINING THE DISCHARGE
PORT
DISCHARGE CASING

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PULSATION CONTROL

PULSATION CONTROLE CAN BE DONE BY:

ACOUSTIC FILTERS

SIDE BRANCH ACCUMULATORS

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CAPACITY CONTROLE :

BY CHANGING THE DISPLACEMENT RATE

BY CHANGING THE DISPLACEMENT VOLUME
BY CHANGING THE PROPORTION OF THE
DISPLACEMENT DELIVERED INTO THE PIPING
SYSTEM

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INSPECTION & TESTING:

HYDROSTATIC TEST
PERFORMANCE TEST
STEADY STATE ACCURACY
REPEATABILITY TEST
ACCURACY
NPSH TEST
RV SET TEST

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