Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What is the difference in atomic arrangement
between crystalline and noncrystalline solids?

What features of a metals/ceramics atomic

structure determine its density?

How do the crystal structures of ceramic

materials differ from those for metals?

Under what circumstances does a material

property vary with the measurement direction?

Chapter 3 - 1
 Energy and Packing
Non dense, ________________ Energy

_______________
bond length

typical neighbor r
bond energy

Dense, ___________________ Energy

typical neighbor
bond length

typical neighbor r
bond energy

Dense, _____________________________ to have

_________ energies.
Chapter 3 - 2
 Materials and Packing
Crystalline materials...
atoms pack __________, 3D arrays
typical of: -________
-many _________
-some _________ crystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.41(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Si Oxygen
Noncrystalline materials...
atoms have no periodic packing
occurs for: - _________________
- _____________
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.41(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 3
 Metallic Crystal Structures
How can we stack metal atoms to minimize
empty space?
2-dimensions

vs.

Now stack these 2-D layers to make 3-D structures

Chapter 3 - 4
 Metallic Crystal Structures
Tend to be densely packed.
Reasons for dense packing:
- Typically, only one __________is present, so all atomic
________ are the same.
- Metallic bonding is not ________________.
- Nearest neighbor distances tend to be small in
order to __________ bond energy.
- ______________ cloud shields cores from each other
Metals have the simplest crystal structures.
We will examine three such structures...

Chapter 3 - 5
 Simple Cubic Structure (SC)
Rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)
Close-packed ___________ are cube edges.

Coordination # = ___
(# nearest neighbors)

Click once on image to start animation

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Chapter 3 - 6
 Atomic Packing Factor (APF)
Volume of atoms in unit cell*
APF =
Volume of unit cell
*assume hard spheres
APF for a simple _______ structure = 0.52
volume
atoms atom
a 4
unit cell 1 (0.5a) 3
3
R=0.5a APF =
a3 volume
close-packed ___________
unit cell
contains 8 x 1/8 =
1 atom/unit cell
Adapted from Fig. 3.43,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. Chapter 3 - 7
 Body Centered Cubic Structure (BCC)
Atoms touch each other along cube ____________.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

ex: Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, ____________

Coordination # = 8

Adapted from Fig. 3.2,

Click once on image to start animation Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
2 atoms/unit cell: 1 center + 8 _____________
Chapter 3 - 8
VMSE Screenshot BCC Unit Cell

Chapter 3 - 9
 Atomic Packing Factor: BCC
APF for a body-centered _______ structure = 0.68
3a

2a

Close-packed __________:
Adapted from R length = 4R = 3 a
Fig. 3.2(a), Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
a
atoms volume
4
unit cell 2 ( 3a/4) 3
3 atom
APF =
volume
a3
unit cell Chapter 3 - 10
 Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)
Atoms touch each other along face ___________.
--Note: All atoms are ____________; the face-centered atoms are shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

ex: Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni, Pt, Ag

Coordination # = ___

Adapted from Fig. 3.1, Callister & Rethwisch

Click once on image to start animation 4e.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson) 4 atoms/unit cell: 6 __________ + 8 corners x 1/8

Chapter 3 - 11
 Atomic Packing Factor: FCC
APF for a face-centered cubic structure = 0.74
maximum achievable APF
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R = 2 a
2a
Unit cell contains:
__________________
= __________________
a
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister & atoms volume
4
( 2a/4) 3
Rethwisch 4e.
unit cell atom
3
APF =
volume
unit cell
Chapter 3 - 12
 FCC Stacking Sequence
ABCABC... __________ Sequence
2D Projection
B B
C
A
A sites B B B
C C
B sites B B
C sites

A
FCC _____ Cell B
C

Chapter 3 - 13
 Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure
(HCP)
ABAB... Stacking Sequence
3D Projection 2D Projection

A sites Top layer

c
B sites Middle layer

A sites Bottom layer

a Adapted from Fig. 3.3(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Coordination # = ___ __ atoms/unit cell

APF = _______ ex: Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn
c/a = ________ Chapter 3 - 14
VMSE Screenshot Stacking Sequence and Unit
Cell for HCP

Chapter 3 - 15
 Theoretical Density,

Mass of Atoms in Unit Cell

Density = = Total Volume of Unit Cell

nA
=
VC NA

where n = ________________________
A = atomic weight
VC = ________________ = ____________
NA = Avogadros number
= 6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol

Chapter 3 - 16
 Theoretical Density,
Ex: Cr (BCC)
A = 52.00 g/mol
R = ___________
n = 2 atoms/unit cell
R
Adapted from
a a = 4R/ 3 = 0.2887 nm
Fig. 3.2(a), Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
atoms
g
unit cell 52.00 theoretical = 7.18 g/cm3
mol
= actual = 7.19 g/cm3
a3 6.022 x 1023
volume atoms
unit cell mol Chapter 3 - 17
 Atomic Bonding in Ceramics
Bonding:
-- ______________________________________.
-- % ionic character __________ with difference in
electronegativity of atoms.
Degree of ionic character may be large or small:
CaF2: large
SiC: small

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by
Cornell University.) Chapter 3 - 18
 Ceramic Crystal Structures
Oxide structures
oxygen anions ________ than metal cations
close _______ oxygen in a ______ (usually ____)
cations fit into _______ sites among _______ ions

Chapter 3 - 19
 Factors that Determine Crystal Structure
1. Relative sizes of ions _______________________:
--maximize the # of ___________________________.
- - - - - -
+ + +
Adapted from Fig. 3.4,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
- - - - - -
_________ _______ stable
2. Maintenance of
Charge Neutrality: F-
CaF 2 : Ca 2+ +
--_________________
cation anions
should be zero.
--Reflected in chemical F-
formula:
A m Xp
m, p values to achieve charge neutrality
Chapter 3 - 20
 Coordination # and Ionic Radii
r cation
__________ # increases with r
anion
To form a ________ structure, how many anions can
surround around a cation?
r cation Coord ZnS
r anion # (zinc blende)
Adapted from Fig. 3.7,
< 0.155 2 linear Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

0.155 - 0.225 3 ________ NaCl

(sodium
0.225 - 0.414 4 tetrahedral chloride)
Adapted from Fig. 3.5,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

0.414 - 0.732 6 octahedral CsCl

(cesium
chloride)
0.732 - 1.0 8 _____ Adapted from Fig. 3.6,
Adapted from Table 3.3, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Chapter 3 - 21
 Computation of Minimum Cation-Anion
Radius Ratio
Determine ________ rcation/ranion for an octahedral site (C.N. = __)

2ranion 2rcation 2a

_________

2ranion 2rcation 2 2ranion

ranion rcation 2ranion rcation ( 2 1)ranion

rcation
2 1 0.414
ranion
Chapter 3 - 22
 Bond Hybridization
Bond Hybridization is possible when there is significant
_________ bonding
____________________________
For example for SiC
XSi = 1.8 and XC = 2.5

% ionic character 100 {1- exp[-0.25(X Si X C )2 ]} 11.5%

~ 89% ___________ bonding
Both Si and C prefer sp3 hybridization
Therefore, for SiC, Si atoms occupy ______________ sites

Chapter 3 - 23
 Example Problem: Predicting the Crystal
Structure of FeO
On the basis of ionic radii, what ________________
would you predict for FeO?
Cation Ionic radius (nm) Answer:
Al 3+ 0.053 rcation 0.077

Fe 2+ 0.077 ranion 0.140
Fe 3+ 0.069 0.550
Ca 2+ 0.100
based on this ratio,
-- coord # = ___ because
Anion
0.414 < 0.550 < 0.732
O2- 0.140
-- crystal structure is ____
Cl - 0.181
F-
Data from Table 3.4,
0.133 Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Chapter 3 - 24
 Rock Salt Structure
Same concepts can be applied to ____ solids in general.
Example: NaCl (rock salt) structure
rNa = 0.102 nm

rCl = _____ nm

rNa/rCl = ________

cations (Na+) prefer _________ sites

Adapted from Fig. 3.5,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 25
 MgO and FeO
MgO and FeO also have the NaCl structure
O2- rO = 0.140 nm

Mg2+ rMg = 0.072 nm

rMg/rO = _______

_________ prefer octahedral sites

Adapted from Fig. 3.5,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

So each Mg2+ (or Fe2+) _______ neighbor oxygen atoms

Chapter 3 - 26
 AX Crystal Structures
AXType Crystal Structures include NaCl, CsCl, and zinc blende

Cesium Chloride structure:

rCs 0.170
_____
rCl 0.181

Since 0.732 < ____ < 1.0,

_____ sites preferred
Adapted from Fig. 3.6, So each Cs+ has __ neighbor Cl-
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 27
 AX2 Crystal Structures
Fluorite structure

Calcium _______ (CaF2)

Cations in _______ sites

UO2, ThO2, ZrO2, CeO2

__________ structure
positions of cations and
anions reversed
Adapted from Fig. 3.8,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 28
 ABX3 Crystal Structures
_________ structure

Ex: complex oxide

_________

Adapted from Fig. 3.9,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 29
VMSE Screenshot Zinc Blende Unit Cell

Chapter 3 - 30
 Density Computations for Ceramics

Number of formula units/unit cell

n( AC AA )

VC N A
__________ number
Volume of unit cell

AC = sum of atomic weights of _______________________

AA= sum of atomic weights of _______________________

Chapter 3 - 31
 Densities of Material Classes
In general Metals/
Graphite/
Composites/
metals _ ceramics _ polymers Alloys
Ceramics/
Semicond
Polymers
fibers
30
Why? Platinum
Based on data in Table B1, Callister
*GFRE, CFRE, & AFRE are Glass,
20 Gold, W
Metals have... Tantalum Carbon, & Aramid Fiber-Reinforced
Epoxy composites (values based on
close-packing 60% volume fraction of aligned fibers
10 Silver, Mo in an epoxy matrix).
(metallic bonding) Cu,Ni
Steels
often _____atomic masses Tin, Zinc
Zirconia

(g/cm3 )
5
Ceramics have... 4
Titanium
Al oxide
Diamond
less _______packing 3 Si nitride
Aluminum Glass -soda Glass fibers
often lighter elements Concrete
Silicon PTFE GFRE*
2
Polymers have... Magnesium Graphite
Silicone
Carbon fibers
CFRE*
Aramid fibers
PVC
low packing _________ PET
PC
AFRE*
1
(often _____________) HDPE, PS
PP, LDPE
lighter elements (C,H,O)
0.5
Composites have... 0.4
Wood

______________values 0.3
Data from Table B.1, Callister & Rethwisch, 8e.
Chapter 3 - 32
 Silicate Ceramics
Most common __________________________

Si4+

O2-

Adapted from Figs.

3.10-11, Callister &
Rethwisch 4e
crystobalite

SiO2 (silica) _______________ forms are quartz,

crystobalite, & tridymite
The strong Si-O bonds lead to a high ____________
temperature (1710C) for this material
Chapter 3 - 33
 Silicates
Bonding of adjacent SiO44- accomplished by the sharing
of common ___________________

Adapted from Fig.

3.12, Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
Mg2SiO4 Ca2MgSi2O7

Presence of cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, & Al3+

1. maintain charge ___________, and
2. ________ bond SiO44- to one another
Chapter 3 - 34
 Glass Structure
Basic Unit: Glass is ____________(__________)
4- ____________ is SiO2 to which no
Si0 4 tetrahedron
impurities have been added
Si 4+ Other common _________ contain
O2- impurity ions such as Na+, Ca2+,
Al3+, and B3+

Quartz is _____________
Na +
SiO2: Si 4+
O2-

(soda glass)
Adapted from Fig. 3.42,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 35
 Layered Silicates
Layered ______ (e.g., clays, mica, talc)
SiO4 ___________ connected
together to form 2-D plane

A net negative charge is associated

with each (Si2O5)2- unit
Negative charge balanced by
_______ plane rich in positively
charged _________

Adapted from Fig.

3.13, Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 36
 Layered Silicates (cont.)
Kaolinite clay _________ (Si2O5)2- layer with Al2(OH)42+
layer

Adapted from Fig. 3.14,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Note: Adjacent sheets of this type _________ bound to

one another by ________________________. Chapter 3 - 37
 Polymorphic Forms of Carbon
Diamond
tetrahedral bonding of
carbon
______________________
______________________
conductivity
large single crystals gem
stones
small ________ used to
grind/cut other materials
__________ thin films
hard surface coatings used Adapted from Fig. 3.16,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
for cutting tools, medical
devices, etc.

Chapter 3 - 38
Polymorphic Forms of Carbon (cont)
__________
______ structure parallel ___________ arrays of
carbon atoms

Adapted from Fig.

3.17, Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.

weak van der Waals forces between layers

planes slide easily over one another -- good lubricant
Chapter 3 - 39
 Polymorphic Forms of Carbon (cont)
Fullerenes and Nanotubes
___________ spherical cluster of 60 carbon atoms, C60
Like a soccer ball
Carbon __________ sheet of graphite rolled into a tube
Ends capped with fullerene _______________

Adapted from Figs.

3.18 & 3.19,
Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 40
 Crystals as Building Blocks
Some engineering applications require ________crystals:
-- diamond single -- turbine blades
crystals for abrasives Fig. 9.40(c), Callister &
Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 9.40(c)
(Courtesy Martin Deakins,
courtesy of Pratt and
GE Superabrasives,
Whitney).
Worthington, OH. Used with
permission.)

Properties of __________materials
often related to crystal structure.
-- Ex: Quartz fractures more easily

along some crystal planes than

others. (Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Chapter 3 - 41
 Polycrystals __________
Most engineering materials are ____________.

Adapted from Fig. K,

color inset pages of
Callister 5e.
(Fig. K is courtesy of
Paul E. Danielson,
Teledyne Wah Chang
Albany)
1 mm

Nb-Hf-W plate with an electron beam weld. Isotropic

Each _______ is a single crystal.
If grains are _________ oriented,
overall component properties are not ___________.
Grain sizes typically range from 1 nm to 2 cm
(i.e., from a few to millions of atomic layers).
Chapter 3 - 42
 Single vs Polycrystals
Single Crystals
-Properties vary with
direction: ____________.
-Example: the __________
of elasticity (E) in BCC iron:
Polycrystals
-Properties may/may not
vary with direction.
-If grains are _________
oriented: __________.
(Epoly iron = 210 GPa)
-If grains are _________,
anisotropic.
E (diagonal) = __________
Data from Table 3.7,
Callister & Rethwisch
4e. (Source of data is
R.W. Hertzberg,
Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials,
3rd ed., John Wiley and
Sons, 1989.)
E (edge) = 125 GPa
200 m Adapted from Fig.
5.19(b), Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
(Fig. 5.19(b) is courtesy
of L.C. Smith and C.
Brady, the National
Bureau of Standards,
Washington, DC [now
the National Institute of
Standards and
Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD].)
Chapter 3 - 43
 Polymorphism
Two or more distinct _______ structures for the same
material (allotropy/polymorphism)
iron system
titanium
liquid
, -Ti
1538C
BCC -Fe
carbon
1394C
__________, graphite
FCC -Fe
912C
BCC -Fe

Chapter 3 - 44
 Crystal Systems
Unit cell: smallest __________________ which
contains the complete ___________ of a
crystal.
7 crystal systems

14 crystal lattices

a, b, and c are the ________ constants

Fig. 3.20, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 45
 Point Coordinates
z
111 Point coordinates for ________
c center are
a/2, b/2, c/2

000
y
a b
x Point ___________ for unit cell
corner are 111
z 2c

__________: integer multiple of

lattice constants identical
b y position in another unit cell
b
Chapter 3 - 46
 Crystallographic Directions
z Algorithm
1. Vector ___________ (if necessary) to pass
through origin.
2. Read off ____________ in terms of
unit cell dimensions a, b, and c
y 3. Adjust to smallest ___________ values
4. Enclose in _______ brackets, no commas

x [uvw]

ex: ___________________________
_______________ where ___________ represents a
negative index
________ of directions <uvw>
Chapter 3 - 47
VMSE Screenshot [101] Direction

Chapter 3 - 48
 Linear Density
Number of atoms
Linear Density of Atoms LD = Unit length of direction vector

[110]
ex: linear _________ of Al in [110]
direction
a = 0.405 nm

# atoms
a
LD 3.5 nm1
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
length 2a
Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 49
 Drawing HCP Crystallographic Directions (i)

Algorithm (Miller-Bravais coordinates)

1. Remove ____________
2. Divide by largest integer so all values

are 1
3. Multiply terms by appropriate unit cell

dimension a (for a1, a2, and a3 axes)

or c (for z-axis) to produce
________________
4. Construct _________ by stepping off

Adapted from Figure 3.25,

these ______________
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 50
 Drawing HCP Crystallographic Directions (ii)
Draw the [1 2 13] ___________in a hexagonal unit cell.
Adapted from p. 62, Algorithm a1 a2 a3 z
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. 1. Remove ________ -1 -2 1 3

[1213]
1 2 1
2. Divide by 3 1
s 3 3 3
3. ____________

4. Construct Vector

start at point o
proceed a/3 units along a1 axis to point p
p 2a/3 units parallel to a2 axis to point q
r q a/3 units parallel to a3 axis to point r
c units parallel to z axis to point s

[1213] direction represented by vector from point o to point s

Chapter 3 - 51
Determination of HCP Crystallographic Directions (ii)

Algorithm
1. _________________(if necessary) to pass

through origin.
2. Read off projections in terms of three-
axis (a1, a2, and z) ___________________
a and c
3. Adjust to smallest ________ values
4. Enclose in square brackets, no commas,
for three-axis __________
5. Convert to four-axis Miller-Bravais lattice
coordinates1 using equations1 below:
Adapted from p. 74, Callister & u (2u v ) v (2v u)
Rethwisch 4e. 3 3
t (u v ) w w

6. Adjust to smallest
integer valuesChapter
and 3 - 52
enclose in brackets [uvtw]
 Determination of HCP Crystallographic Directions (ii)
Adapted
from p. 74, Determine indices for green vector
Callister &
Rethwisch Example a1 a2 z
4e.
1. Reposition not needed
2. Projections a a 0c
1 1 0
3. Reduction 1 1 0
4. Brackets [110]
5.Convert to 4-axis parameters
1 1 1 1
u [(2)(1) (1)] v [(2)(1) (1)]
3 3 3 3
1 1 2
t ( ) w 0
3 3 3
6. Reduction &
Brackets
1/3, 1/3, -2/3, 0 => 1, 1, -2,
0 => [ 1120 ]

Chapter 3 - 53
 Crystallographic Planes

Adapted from Fig. 3.26,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Chapter 3 - 54
 Crystallographic Planes
_____ Indices: Reciprocals of the (three)
axial intercepts for a plane, cleared of
_________ & common multiples. All
________ planes have same Miller indices.

Algorithm
1. Read off ____________ of plane with axes in
terms of a, b, c
2. Take ____________ of intercepts
3. Reduce to smallest integer values
4. Enclose in parentheses, no
commas i.e., (hkl)

Chapter 3 - 55
 Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1 1 __ c
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 ___
1 1 0
3. Reduction 1 1 __ y
a b
4. Miller Indices _____
x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2 c
2. Reciprocals 1/ 1/ 1/
2 0 0
3. Reduction __ __ 0
y
4. Miller Indices _____ a b
x
Chapter 3 - 56
 Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c c
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4
2. Reciprocals 1/ 1/1 1/
2 1 4/3 y

3. Reduction 6 3 4 a b

4. Miller Indices (634) x

Family of Planes {hkl}

Ex: {100} = (100), (010), (001), (100), (010), (001)

Chapter 3 - 57
VMSE Screenshot Crystallographic Planes

Additional practice on indexing crystallographic planes

Chapter 3 - 58
 Crystallographic Planes (HCP)
In hexagonal unit cells the same idea is used
z

example a1 a2 a3 c
1. Intercepts 1 -1 1
2. Reciprocals 1 1/ -1 1
1 0 -1 1 a2

3. Reduction 1 0 -1 1
a3

4. Miller-Bravais Indices (1011) a1

Adapted from Fig. 3.24(b),

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 3 - 59
 Crystallographic Planes
We want to examine the ______ packing of
crystallographic planes
Iron foil can be used as a catalyst. The
atomic packing of the exposed _________
is important.
a) Draw (100) and (111) crystallographic _____ for
Fe.
b) Calculate the planar ________ for each of these
planes.

Chapter 3 - 60
 Planar Density of (100) Iron
Solution: At T < 912C iron has the ________structure.
2D repeat unit

(100) 4 3
a R
3

Adapted from Fig. 3.2(c), Callister & Rethwisch 4e. __________of iron R = 0.1241 nm
atoms
2D repeat unit
1 atoms atoms
Planar Density = = 2 = ____ = ________
area a2 4 3 nm 2
m2
R
2D repeat unit 3
Chapter 3 - 61
 Planar Density of (111) Iron
Solution (cont): (___) plane ______ in plane/ unit surface cell

2a atoms in plane
atoms above plane

nit
atoms _____ plane

tu
ea
r ep
3
h a
2D 2
2
4 3 16 3 2
area 2 ah 3 a 3 2
R R
atoms 3 3
2D repeat unit
atoms = atoms
Planar Density = = 7.0 __________
area 16 3 2
nm
2
m2
R
2D repeat unit 3
Chapter 3 - 62
VMSE Screenshot Atomic Packing
(111) Plane for BCC

Chapter 3 - 63
 X-Ray Diffraction

________ gratings must have spacings comparable to

the wavelength of diffracted ___________.
Cant resolve ____________
Spacing is the distance between __________ planes
of atoms.
Chapter 3 - 64
 X-Rays to Determine Crystal Structure
Incoming X-rays _________ from crystal
d planes.
et
ec
to

1
in ray
co s
ys
X- reflections must

m
ra be in phase for
X-
in

2
g
a detectable signal

1
ng

extra
o i
2
g Adapted from Fig. 3.38,
distance
ut

o Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
travelled
by wave 2 spacing
d between
_________

________________of X-ray
intensity n
critical angle, c, d
(from 2 sin c
allows computation of
detector)
planar __________,

d.
c
Chapter 3 - 65
 X-Ray Diffraction Pattern
z z z
c c c

y (110) y y
a b a b a b
Intensity (relative)

x x x (211)

(200)

Diffraction angle 2

Diffraction pattern for polycrystalline -iron (BCC)

Adapted from Fig. 3.40, Callister 4e.

Chapter 3 - 66
 SUMMARY
Atoms may assemble into crystalline or amorphous structures.
Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP.
Coordination number and atomic packing factor are the same
for both FCC and HCP crystal structures.
We can predict the density of a material, provided we know the
atomic weight, atomic radius, and crystal geometry (e.g., FCC,
BCC, HCP).
Interatomic bonding in ceramics is ionic and/or covalent.
Ceramic crystal structures are based on:
-- maintaining charge neutrality
-- cation-anion radii ratios.
Crystallographic points, directions and planes are specified in
terms of indexing schemes. Crystallographic directions and
planes are related to atomic linear densities and planar densities.

Chapter 3 - 67
 SUMMARY

Materials can be single crystals or polycrystalline.

Material properties generally vary with single crystal
orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic), but are generally
non-directional (i.e., they are isotropic) in polycrystals
with randomly oriented grains.
Some materials can have more than one crystal
structure. This is referred to as polymorphism (or
allotropy).
X-ray diffraction is used for crystal structure and
interplanar spacing determinations.

Chapter 3 - 68
 ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:

Core Problems:

Self-help Problems:

Chapter 3 - 69