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Electricity
Material
Fundamental of material
Proton
Electron
Occurrence
Structure of Atom
of electricity
Electrons
Electron Nucleus
+
+
+
Protons
Shell
Electrons Neutron
Negative ion
Electrically Neutral
Positive Ion Negative Ion
Occurrence of electricity
Free Electron Movement = Occurrence of electricity
- - -
- - +
+
+
- -
-
- -
Fundamental question
Current, Voltage, Resistance
Current
Voltage
Resistance
Current 1
Flowing of current is transfer of free electron .
In a circuit .
Magnetism function
Ex) solenoid
Chemistry function
Ex) battery
Summary for current
Flowing of current is transfer of electron .
If transfer of electron is much, mean that current passes much .
Though there is potential difference, current passes
When connected between high and low potential .
If transfer of free electron is much, heat generate
Therefore, electric wire bunt out that is done
Because so much current passed .
Quantity of current can explain by quantity of water
That pass a pipe .
Current passes much to some actuator means that amount
Of electric power is strong .
Voltage
Voltage symbol : E
Voltage unit : V
E = W (joule)/Q (coulombs) Volt
W : Electric power
Q : Electric charge amount
1 volt : 0.001
1 volt : 1,000 :
1 : 1,000 v
Potential and potential difference
Electrical Potential 1
When there is electrical potential between A and b, current flowing .
- Water tank A (positive potential) : 12
- Water tank B (Negative potential) : 0
Water level
difference
(Potential
Water level difference)
12(Potential)
Water level 0
(Ground)
Water current
(Electrical current)
Potential & potential difference 2 C D
-(Negative) A B +(Positive) Lamp
E
12 Volt
BATTERY Switch
Voltage measure position Switch ON condition (Lamp ON) Switch OFF condition (Lamp ON)
A~B
B~C
C~D
D~E
E~F
F~A
C~E
C~F
D~F
Potential & potential difference 3
To measure each position for voltage
FUSE F8 BATTERY
5A COMPARTMENT
FUSE BOX
#1
Battery - Battery + 4 C22
0.5R/L
C40-1 CR02
12 Volt
ROOM 0.5R/L
Battery LAMP
SWITCH R25
ROOM LAMP
C40-2
R26
0.5R/L
0.5 B
Battery earth
G09
Resistance
The electric resistance in a material is changed
According to the following variables:
- Kind of material
- Sectional area of wire
- Length of wire
- Temperature
Resistance
Resistance relation formula
R=LS
R : Resistance of material
S : Sectional area ( )
Current, Voltage, and Resistance
relation
Current : A measure of the amount of electron flow .
Like a water pipe, the larger the pipe the greater the capacity to carry flow .
Measured in "Amperes", or "Amps" (A) .
Voltage : A measure of the potential of a source to supply electromotive force (EMF), or
Electrical pressure .
Measured in Volts (V) .
Resistance : A measure of the opposition to current flow in a circuit .
Measured in Ohms ()
P1 P2 Pascal Pb
Pactator
Actuator
P
Pump
Current, Voltage, and Resistance
Current Summary
Voltage
Resistance
Resistance
Current
Voltage
Series circuit in Battery
Battery series connect
- Voltage : Increase
- Current : Equality
Flowing current is always same in series circuit even if measure in any place .
R1 R2 R1 R2
Lamp1 Lamp2
I I1 I2 I1 I2
I
I = V (R1 R0) R1 R0
V
To calculate both end voltage of
resistance
To calculate both end voltage of resistance in D.C circuit
Total resistance R = 1 2 3 = 6 Ohm
Current I = 12Volts 6Ohms = 2 Amp.
1) E1 = I R1
12V = 2A 1 = 2 volt
2) E2 = I R1
12V = 2A 2 = 4 volt R1=1 R2=2 R3=
3) E3 = I R3
12V = 2A 3 = 6 volt E1=? v E2=?v E3=?v
2A1=2V 2A2=4V 2A3=6V
E total = E1 E2 E3
= 2volt 4volt 6volt
= 12 Volt
12 Volt
Measurement for current and
voltage
Voltage measurement in direct current circuit . Parallel connected voltage meter .
V Volt meter
A
+
Ampere meter
-
Parallel circuit in Battery
Characteristic
Parallel connection of batteries
Voltage : Constant
Capacity of battery : Increase
CharacteristicParallel Circuit
Parallel connect in connection of circuit
- As much as connect resistance in parallel circuit, total resistance
decreases.
- As much as connect resistance in parallel circuit, total current
increase.
I1 I2
E R1 R2
E1 E2
Calculate Resistance in Parallel
circuit 1
To calculate easily total resistance
Rtotal = Multiplication of total resistance Sum of total resistance
I1 I2
E R1 E1 R2 E2
Calculate Current in Parallel
circuit
A point current = (I 1+I 2+I 3) = B point2
current
I1 R1
C I1 sw1
R2
I I2
I A D I2 sw2 B
I3 R3
E
E E I3 sw3
UP UP SAME
SAME UP DOWN
SAME DOWN UP
Ohms law formula
To understand Ohms law formula
E=IR
I=ER
R=EI
E
Voltage
E : Voltage
I : Current
R : Resistance
I R
Current Resistance
Determining Current in Ohms
Determining Current
Law I=?
I=E/R
+
I = 12 volt / 6 ohms R=6
_ E = 12 volt
I = 2 Amperes
I=?
I=E/R
+
I = 12 volts / 12 ohms R = 12
_ E = 12 volt
I = 1 Amperes
when the resistance is doubled, the current is reduced to half its former value
Determining Voltage & Resistance in
Ohms Law
Determining Resistance
I = 3A
E = 12 volt
I = 3 ampere +
R=?
R=? _ E = 12 volt
Determining Voltage I = 3A
E=IR
+
E=43 R=4
_ E = ? volt
E = 12 volts
Voltage Drop 1
The voltage removed from the circuit by the load.
Load : Lamp, Actuator, or Resistance
The total voltage lost must equal the voltage applied.
12 volt
+
_ E = 12 volt Switch
12VOLT
BATT. V1 V2
Voltage Voltage
when SW Off When switch ON 12 Volt in normality.
= 12Volt If lower than 12Volt, the lamp does not work
when SW ON normality because it means that resistance
=0 Volt exists somewhere.
To understand voltage drop in equivalent circuit
I R1 R2
SW
12 +
VOLT
V1 V2 V3
G11 8volt 4volt SW ON :
0volt G2
V4 SW Off :
12 volt 12 Volt
Kirchoffs Law 1(Current Law)
Kirchoffs current law (Kirchoffs first law)
In circuit inflow current's sum and outflow sum of done current same .
Inflow current outflow current = 0
In this current flow below formula is formed in below circuit.
Formula
I1+I4(INPUT CURRENT) = I2+I3+I5(OUTPUT CURRENT)
I 1 = IN
I 5 = OUT
I 2 = OUT
I 4 = IN
I 3 = OUT
Kirchoffs Law current in circuit
diagram.
Kirchoffs current law
R1 R2
I1
I I1 I2
I2
I I4
E
I3
R1 R2
E1 = ( ) Volt
I1 I2 E2 = ( ) Volt
B C
M
A D
E
E
Check procedure
1st. Measure the voltage of battery.
2nd, 1st. Measure the voltage of between B and C.
At this time, voltage must be 12 volts, and inspect following below order if is low than applied voltage.
And, if voltage are 12 volts, it is motor itself defect.
Switch2
I2
I
Switch3 I4
I3
VOLT
R1 R2 SW
I
12 + V1 V2
VOLT
G11 G2
2. Measure voltage
The voltmeter will now When the switch is closed,
read the amount of the voltmeter will indicate
voltage drop across R1. zero volts across the switch.
I R1 R2 SW
12 +
VOLT
G11 G2
Summary for
Troubleshooting a parallel
basic Electrical 4
1. Measure resistance
12 + Switch
VOLT open
Open R1=10 R2=10
Caution
The switch must be open or the power source disconnected when measuring
resistance using by ohmmeter.
Summary for
Troubleshooting a parallel
basic Electrical 5
2. Measure current
I
+ Switch
R1 R2
The switch location of a circuit is an ideal location to connect an ammeter to the circuit.
Summary for basic
Troubleshooting series-parallel circuit Electrical 6
1. Measure voltage in series-parallel circuit
I R1
12 + Switch Open
VOLT
G11 R2 R3
Summary for basic Electrical 7
Troubleshooting series-parallel circuit
2. Measure current in series-parallel circuit
I R1
12 + Switch Open
VOLT
R2 R3
G11
R1
12 + Switch
VOLT R2 R3 Open
G11
Analog Multi meter
Analog Multi Meter's operation principle
Scale
0~1 M
R=100
R=1.01
Analog Volt meter
Voltmeters are always connected in parallel with the device being measured
0~1
M
R=900
R=100
0~10
R=9.9 k
0~50
0~100
R=99.9 k
0~500
R=499.9 k
8 Resistance scale
12 4
0
Electric
Zero Adjuster 3 volt Battery
Magnetic
For Measure
Data indicate.
025
These figure show the magnetic field The earth is a large magnetic,
of attracting and repelling magnets. surrounded by a magnetic field.
MagnetandMagneticForce
Ifthemagneticsubstance(Iron,Nickel,Tungsten),
whichisnotmagnet,isclosetomagnet,themagnetic
substancesbecomeamagnet.
Phenomenonthatmaterialgetmagneticforcewithin
magneticfield.
N S N S N S N S
Current
Magnetic field by electric charge
Iron pieces
Battery
wire
ElectroMagneticInduction
Magnetic field around coil
MagneticFlux(LenzsLaw)
Lenzslawstateswhenachangeinthe
magneticflux
occurs,thenthereareinducedcurrentsthat
oppose
thechangeinflux.
Solenoid
Whenacurrentcarryingconductoriswouldintoacoil,or
solenoid,themagneticfieldscirclingconductorsseemtomergeor
jointogether.
AsolenoidwillappearasamagneticfieldwithaNorthPoleatone
N
end,andsSouthPoleattheoppositeend.
Current in
Current out
S
Relay
Therelay isadeviceusedtocontrolalargeflowofcurrentbymeans
ofalowvoltage,lowcurrentcircuit.
Arelayisamagneticswitch.
Whenarelayscoilismagnetized,itsattractiveforcepullsthelever
arm, called armature, toward the coil. The contact points on the
armaturewillopenorclosedependingontheirnormallyatrestposition.
Transformer
Atransformerisadeviceusedtotransferenergyfromonecircuittoanother
usingelectromagneticinduction.Atransformerconsistsoftwoormorecoilsof
wirewoundaroundacommonlaminatedironcore.
Thefirstwinding,whichistheinputwinding,iscalledtheprimary.This
windingreceivestheenergyfromthesource.Thesecondwinding,whichis
outputwinding,iscalledthesecondary.Theoutputloadisattachedtothe
secondary.
Primary Secondary
Transformer
Induction
Coil A produces a rising and collapsing magnetic field that cuts across the
conductorsincoilB.CoilBhasavoltageinducedbytheelectricalactionofcoil
A. this is the principle behind all transformers, this principle is called mutual
induction.
Iftheacvoltagesourcefrequencyisequalto60Hz,thenthemagneticfieldrises
andcollapses120timesasecond.
Primary Secondary
Coil A Coil B
Turns Ratio Principle
Transformer
Theratiobetweenthenumberofturnsintheprimaryandsecondaryiscalledtheturn sratio.Theturns
ratio is simply the number of turns in the primary divided by the number of turns in the secondary.
Writtenasaformula:
Turns ratio = Np / Ns=10/1 or 10 to 1
10 to 1 ratio
1,000 turns 100 turns
120 V 12 V
WhereNequalsthenumberofturnsintheprimary(P)orthesecondary(S).
The current ratio is the ratio between the currents in the primary
andsecondary.Itisininverseproportiontotheturn sratio:
Current ratio = Is / Ip = Np / Ns
Combiningthethreeratios:
Ep / Es = Np / Ns = Is / Ip
Transformer
Transformersthatareusedtoraiseorloweravoltageareknownasstep
uptransformersandstepdowntransformers.
Stepuptransformershavemoreturnsinthesecondarythantheprimary.
Thevoltageisincreased,itstepsup.
Step down transformers have fewer turns in the secondary than the
primary.Thevoltageisdecreased,itstepsdown.
AutomobileIgnitionCoil
Theignitioncoilproducesthehighvoltagesparkinan
automobileelectricalsystem.Itusesahighturnsratioto
develop30,000voltsormoreacrossthesparkpluggap.
Distributor
Ignition switch
Spark plug
Battery 12V
- +
12V BATT
Evaluation V
T
LenzsLaw
Practice2)
- +
12V BATT
Evaluation V
T
LenzsLaw
N S Conductor
V
Evaluation
T
CAPACITOR
Acapacitorisadevicethattemporarilystoresanelectriccharge.Acapacitor
acceptsorreturnsthischargeinordertomaintainaconstantvoltage.
Astheswitchisclosed,electronsfromthenegativeterminalofthesource
flowtooneplateofthecapacitor.
Theseelectronsrepelelectronsfromthesecondplate,whicharethendrawn
tothepositiveterminalofthesource.
Thecapacitorisnowchargedandisopposingthesourcevoltage.
M
Dielectric
- +
- +
CalculatingCapacitance
Capacitance is determined by the number of electrons that can be
storedinthecapacitorforeachvoltofappliedvoltage.
Capacitanceismeasuredinfarads(F).Afaradrepresentsachargeof
one coulomb that raises the potential 1-volt. This equation is
written.
C=Q/E
WhereCisthecapacitanceinfarads,Qisthechargeincoulombs,
areEisthevoltageinvolts.
Capacitorsusedinelectronicworkhavecapacitiesmeasuredin
microfarads(1/1,000,000F)andPicofarads(1/1,000,000F).
Microfaradiscommonlywrittenas .Picofaradiswrittenas .
Nanfaradisnotacommonmeasurementofcapacitance.
TypesofCapacitors
Capacitorsaremadeinhundredsofsizesandtypes.
Can type electrolytic capacitorsusedifferentmethodsofplateconstruction.
Theceramic capacitorismadeofaspecialceramicdielectric.
Mica capacitorsaresmallcapacitors.Theyaremadebystackingtinfoilplates
togetherwiththinsheetsofmicaasthedielectric.
Fixedpapercapacitors,Rectangularoilfilledcapacitors,Tubularelectrolytic
capacitors,etc.
Ceramic capacitor
C
Switch
Battery
I
RCTimeConstant
Duringthechargeanddischargeoftheseriesofnetworkoutlinedabove,a
periodoftimeelapsed.Thistimeisindicatedalongthebase,orx-axis,ofthe
graphs.
TheformulatodeterminethetimeconstantinRCcircuitis:
=RC
CapacitorsinSeriesandParallel
Whentwoormorecapacitorsareconnectedinseries,thetotalcapacitanceis:
1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3+1/CN
C1 C2 C3
C1 C2 C3
GENERATORS
Magnetic Induction
Whenconductoracross
themagneticforceline,
electromotiveforceis
occurredinconductor
Iron
Whenconductor V
S N
movesinduced
voltageisgenerated
inthecoilbyinduced T
Iron
electromotiveforce. V
S N
T
GENERATORS
Theactionofacoilturninginamagneticfield.
InpositionA,thecoiltopmovesparalleltofieldofmagnetism.Novoltageisproduced.
InpositionB,bothsidesofthecoilarecuttingthefieldatrightangles.Thehighest
voltageisproducedatthisrightangle.
PositionCislikepositionA,thevoltagedropstozero.
InpositionD,thecoilisagaincuttingthefieldatrightangles,wherethehighestvoltage
isinduced.However,inpositionDthevoltageisintheoppositedirectionofthat
producedatpositionB.
ConstructionofaGenerator
Ageneratorisadevicethatchangesmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.
ThemajordifferencebetweenanACgeneratorandDCgeneratoristheuseof
slipringsintheACgeneratorandtheuseofacommutator(splitring)inthe
DCgenerator.
ConstructionofaGenerator
Whendcisdesiredintheoutside
Whendcisdesiredintheoutside
circuit,asetofcommutatorsegments
andasetofbrushesareused.
Themechanicalconnectionbetween
theoutsidecircuitandthearmature
constantlychangesbecauseofthe
brushandcommutatorconnections.
Theactionofthecommutatorand
brushesmaintainsaconstantflowin
onedirectiontowardtheoutside
circuit.
ConstructionofaGenerator
Thecurrentintheoutsidecircuitofthedcgeneratoralwaysflowsinone
direction.Theoutputvoltageofthegeneratorrisesandfallsfromzerotoa
maximumtozero,butalwaysinthesamedirection.
Compound generator
The compound generator uses both series and shunt
windings in the field. The series windings are often a few
turns of large wire. The wire size of the series windings is
usually the same size as the armature conductors.
AlternatingCurrent
Alternatingcurrentchangesitsdirectionofflowattimesinthecircuit.Indc,
thesourcevoltagedoesnotchangeitspolarity.Inac,thesourcevoltage
changesitspolaritybetweenpositiveandnegative.
Acycleisasequenceorchainofeventsoccurringinaperiodoftime.Anac
cyclecanbedescribedasacompletesetofpositiveandnegativevaluesforac.
Frequency,measuredincyclespersecondorhertz(Hz),isthenumberof
completecyclesoccurringpersecond.
AlternatingCurrent
Whensolvingproblemsinvolvingalternatingcurrents,vectorsare
usedtodepictthemagnitudeanddirectionofaforce.
This wave is from a single coil armature, represented by the
rotatingvector,makingonerevolutionthroughamagneticfield.
Alternator
Thealternatorisusedinthechargingsystemofallvehicles.
Thealternatorisusedinthechargingsystemofallvehicles.
Theoutputisrectifiedfromalternatingcurrenttodirectcurrentforcharging
thebatteryandotherelectricaldevicesinthevehicle.Thealternatorhas
someadvantagesoverthedcgenerator.Theseadvantagesincludehigher
outputatlowerspeeds.
Alternator
Thealternatorisabrushtypeinwhichacurrentflowsfromthe
brushesthroughtheslipringtothefieldcoilintherotor.
Major components
Rotor (field coil): generates magnetic field
Whentherotorisdrivenbythepulleyrotation,acurrentflowsfrom
thebushes,throughtheslipring,tothefieldcoil.Therotorcoretabs
thenbecomemagneticpole.
Alternator
Stator: generates electromotive
force
Togetherwiththerotorcore,the
statorcoreformsthemagnetic
fluxpath.Themagneticfluxlines
inthestatorcoreareaffectedby
thepassageoftherotorcorefield
andgenerateelectricity.
Rectifier: rectifiers
electromotive force so generated
Therectifiermainlyconsistsof3
diodetrios,6diodesand2heat
sinks.ItrectifiestheACstator
outputtoDCpower.Eachheat
sinkhasthe(+)or(-)leadsfrom3
diodesattachedtoit,performing
fullwaverectificationfor3-phase
AC.
MotorOperationPrinciples
Theelectric motor convertselectricalpowerintorotatingmechanical
Theelectric motor convertselectricalpowerintorotatingmechanical
power.
Rotational force comes from the interaction between the magnetic field
foundaroundacurrentcarryingconductorandafixedmagneticfield.
A conductor carrying a current has a magnetic field around it. The
directionofthefielddependsonthedirectionofthecurrent.
The field around the conductor flows with The current has been reversed in the
the permanent field above the conductor conductor, causing the conductor field to
but opposes the permanent field below reverse. Now the field is reinforced
the conductor. The conductor will move below the conductor and weakened
toward the weakened field. above the conductor. The conductor will
move up.
Compound
shunt motor series motor motor
StarterMotor
Thestarterisareductionstarterwitha
built-inreductiongear.Itsmotorhas
beendownsizedwithevenhigher
speedcapability.
Magnetic switch
StarterMotor
Magnetic switch section puts the pinion in mesh with the ring gear and
feeds load current into the motor, the reduction gear and transmitting
torquetothepinion.
Overrunning clutch
The overrunning clutch is of roller type.
Each roller is set in the wedge-shaped groove
provided by the outer and inner races and is
pressed by a spring.
The roller is pressed against the narrower side
of the pinion by its wedge action. On the other
hand, no torque is transmitted from the pinion
as the roller moves to the wider side releasing
the wedge action.
StarterMotorOperation
WhenthestarterswitchisON.
1.Currentfromthebatteryflowsfromtheterminal Softhe
magneticswitchtothepull-incoilPandholdingcoilH.
2.Theplunger,attractedbythemagneticfluxofthepull-in
coilandholdingcoilpushesoutthepinion.
3.Whenthepinionengageswiththeringgear,thecontact
P2closes.
4.Thelargecurrentdirectlyflowsfrombatterytothemotor.
5.Turnthepinion.
6.Nocurrentflowstothepull-incoil.
StarterMotorOperation