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Basic

Electricity
Material
Fundamental of material

Substance Element Atom


Occurrence of electricity
What is electricity?

Material Molecule Atom Atomic nucleus Nucleus

Proton

Electron
Occurrence
Structure of Atom
of electricity

Electrons
Electron Nucleus

+
+
+
Protons

Shell

Electrons Neutron

Structure of Atom Detail structure of Atom


Atom ion Occurrence of electricity
positive ion

Negative ion

Electrically Neutral
Positive Ion Negative Ion
Occurrence of electricity
Free Electron Movement = Occurrence of electricity

- - -
- - +
+
+
- -
-
- -

Fundamental question
Current, Voltage, Resistance

Current

Voltage

Resistance
Current 1
Flowing of current is transfer of free electron .

When there is electrical potential


Water tank A Water tank B
(Positive terminal) (Negative terminal) Current flow .

Electrical energy : Transfer


Water level
difference Amount of free electron .
(Potential
difference)
If transfer track of free electron
Current Grows, big current passes .
flow
Water
wheel If quantity of current big
rotate
Lamp Actuator's drive increase .
ON
Current 2
It is no stream of current that it is no transfer of free electron .

Tank A Tank B When there is no electrical


Potential, current not flow .

Same water Electrical energy : Because it is no


level
Transfer of free electron, there is
No potential
no
Difference
Occurrence of energy
No current
flow
Because current does not flow
No water
wheel There is no actuator drive .
Rotate
Lamp Because there is no electrical
OFF
Potential, current does not flow .
Current represent
Current 2
The ampere is expressed using the letter I .
The ampere describes the rate of flow of electrons past any given point

In a circuit .

Current unit : A (Ampere)

1 Ampere : One ampere is equal to one coulomb of


Charge flowing Part a point in one second .
I = Q/T (Q : Coulomb, T : Second)
1 coulomb = 1/1.6012910-9 = 6.251018

Thus, The electric charge amount that pass per time


1 A : 1,000 , 1 : 0.001 A, 1 : 1,000 A
Potential and potential difference VS .
Current
Current flowing

Water tank A Water tank B Water tank A Water tank B


High water level
No water level
Water level
Difference
Difference
(Potential same)
(Potential
Difference)
Low water level
Water wheel does not work
Water wheel work

Water current No water current


Water wheel : ON Water wheel : OFF

Water Flow No Water Flow


Current Function
3 function of current.
Heat function
Ex) cigar lighter, electric stove etc

Magnetism function
Ex) solenoid

Chemistry function
Ex) battery
Summary for current
Flowing of current is transfer of electron .
If transfer of electron is much, mean that current passes much .
Though there is potential difference, current passes
When connected between high and low potential .
If transfer of free electron is much, heat generate
Therefore, electric wire bunt out that is done
Because so much current passed .
Quantity of current can explain by quantity of water
That pass a pipe .
Current passes much to some actuator means that amount
Of electric power is strong .
Voltage
Voltage symbol : E
Voltage unit : V
E = W (joule)/Q (coulombs) Volt
W : Electric power
Q : Electric charge amount
1 volt : 0.001
1 volt : 1,000 :
1 : 1,000 v
Potential and potential difference
Electrical Potential 1
When there is electrical potential between A and b, current flowing .
- Water tank A (positive potential) : 12
- Water tank B (Negative potential) : 0

Water tank A Water tank B


(Positive terminal) (Negative terminal)

Water level
difference
(Potential
Water level difference)
12(Potential)
Water level 0
(Ground)

Water current
(Electrical current)
Potential & potential difference 2 C D
-(Negative) A B +(Positive) Lamp
E
12 Volt
BATTERY Switch

Voltage measure position Switch ON condition (Lamp ON) Switch OFF condition (Lamp ON)

A~B

B~C

C~D

D~E

E~F

F~A

C~E

C~F

D~F
Potential & potential difference 3
To measure each position for voltage

FUSE F8 BATTERY
5A COMPARTMENT
FUSE BOX
#1
Battery - Battery + 4 C22
0.5R/L
C40-1 CR02
12 Volt
ROOM 0.5R/L
Battery LAMP
SWITCH R25
ROOM LAMP

C40-2
R26
0.5R/L
0.5 B
Battery earth
G09
Resistance
The electric resistance in a material is changed
According to the following variables:

- Kind of material
- Sectional area of wire
- Length of wire
- Temperature
Resistance
Resistance relation formula

R=LS

R : Resistance of material

: An invariable by kind of material ( m)

L : Length of wire (m)

S : Sectional area ( )
Current, Voltage, and Resistance
relation
Current : A measure of the amount of electron flow .
Like a water pipe, the larger the pipe the greater the capacity to carry flow .
Measured in "Amperes", or "Amps" (A) .
Voltage : A measure of the potential of a source to supply electromotive force (EMF), or
Electrical pressure .
Measured in Volts (V) .
Resistance : A measure of the opposition to current flow in a circuit .
Measured in Ohms ()

P1 P2 Pascal Pb
Pactator

Actuator

P
Pump
Current, Voltage, and Resistance
Current Summary
Voltage
Resistance

Resistance

Current
Voltage
Series circuit in Battery
Battery series connect
- Voltage : Increase
- Current : Equality

Total battery voltage


1.5 volt 4 batteries = 6 volt

Total battery voltage


12 volt 2 batteries = 24 volt
Series circuit in Circuit
Characteristic of series connection in circuit .
At series connection of resistance, total resistance increases connect resistance .

Total resistance increases, flowing current decreases in circuit .

Flowing current is always same in series circuit even if measure in any place .

R1 R2 R1 R2
Lamp1 Lamp2

I I1 I2 I1 I2
I

E : 12 Volt E:12 Volt

Direct circuit of equivalence ------------------------ Direct circuit of 2


lamps
Load in direct-current circuit
Circuit with load in direct-current circuit
V = (R1 R0) I
Rtotal = R1 R0
R1 : Load (Resistance)

R0 : Wire line resistance

I = V (R1 R0) R1 R0

V
To calculate both end voltage of
resistance
To calculate both end voltage of resistance in D.C circuit
Total resistance R = 1 2 3 = 6 Ohm
Current I = 12Volts 6Ohms = 2 Amp.
1) E1 = I R1
12V = 2A 1 = 2 volt
2) E2 = I R1
12V = 2A 2 = 4 volt R1=1 R2=2 R3=
3) E3 = I R3
12V = 2A 3 = 6 volt E1=? v E2=?v E3=?v
2A1=2V 2A2=4V 2A3=6V
E total = E1 E2 E3
= 2volt 4volt 6volt
= 12 Volt

12 Volt
Measurement for current and
voltage
Voltage measurement in direct current circuit . Parallel connected voltage meter .

V Volt meter

Voltage measurement in direct current circuit . Parallel connected voltage meter .

A
+
Ampere meter

-
Parallel circuit in Battery
Characteristic
Parallel connection of batteries
Voltage : Constant
Capacity of battery : Increase
CharacteristicParallel Circuit
Parallel connect in connection of circuit
- As much as connect resistance in parallel circuit, total resistance
decreases.
- As much as connect resistance in parallel circuit, total current
increase.

I1 I2
E R1 R2
E1 E2
Calculate Resistance in Parallel
circuit 1
To calculate easily total resistance
Rtotal = Multiplication of total resistance Sum of total resistance

Rtotal = (R1 R2) (R1 + R2)

I1 I2
E R1 E1 R2 E2
Calculate Current in Parallel
circuit
A point current = (I 1+I 2+I 3) = B point2
current

Point C, D, E current : Current that each lamp consumes

I1 R1
C I1 sw1
R2
I I2
I A D I2 sw2 B
I3 R3
E
E E I3 sw3

Parallel equivalence circuit 3 lamp's parallel circuits


Series - Parallel Circuit
To Calculate :
Resistance
Current
Voltage
I a I
a
I1 I2
E1
E1 Rt R1&R2=(R1R2) / R1+R2
E R1 R2 E
b
b R3
E2
R3
E2
I3 c I3 c
Ohm s Law
Any operating electrical circuits must have three factors,

voltage, current, and resistance.

Their relationship can be described by Ohms Law statement.

Voltage(V) Current(I) Resistance(R)

UP UP SAME

SAME UP DOWN

SAME DOWN UP
Ohms law formula
To understand Ohms law formula
E=IR
I=ER
R=EI
E
Voltage
E : Voltage
I : Current
R : Resistance
I R
Current Resistance
Determining Current in Ohms
Determining Current
Law I=?

I=E/R
+
I = 12 volt / 6 ohms R=6
_ E = 12 volt
I = 2 Amperes

I=?

I=E/R
+
I = 12 volts / 12 ohms R = 12
_ E = 12 volt

I = 1 Amperes

when the resistance is doubled, the current is reduced to half its former value
Determining Voltage & Resistance in
Ohms Law
Determining Resistance
I = 3A
E = 12 volt
I = 3 ampere +
R=?
R=? _ E = 12 volt

To calculate, divide 3 into


12 and the answer is 4.

Determining Voltage I = 3A

E=IR
+
E=43 R=4
_ E = ? volt
E = 12 volts
Voltage Drop 1
The voltage removed from the circuit by the load.
Load : Lamp, Actuator, or Resistance
The total voltage lost must equal the voltage applied.

12 volt
+
_ E = 12 volt Switch

Impressed voltage = Voltage drop from actuator


Voltage Drop in Circuit
Voltage Drop in Circuit
SWITCH LAMP

12VOLT
BATT. V1 V2
Voltage Voltage
when SW Off When switch ON 12 Volt in normality.
= 12Volt If lower than 12Volt, the lamp does not work
when SW ON normality because it means that resistance
=0 Volt exists somewhere.
To understand voltage drop in equivalent circuit
I R1 R2
SW
12 +
VOLT
V1 V2 V3
G11 8volt 4volt SW ON :
0volt G2
V4 SW Off :
12 volt 12 Volt
Kirchoffs Law 1(Current Law)
Kirchoffs current law (Kirchoffs first law)
In circuit inflow current's sum and outflow sum of done current same .
Inflow current outflow current = 0
In this current flow below formula is formed in below circuit.

Formula
I1+I4(INPUT CURRENT) = I2+I3+I5(OUTPUT CURRENT)

I 1 = IN

I 5 = OUT
I 2 = OUT

I 4 = IN
I 3 = OUT
Kirchoffs Law current in circuit
diagram.
Kirchoffs current law
R1 R2
I1
I I1 I2
I2
I I4
E
I3

In series circuit In parallel circuit


I=? I=?
I=( ) current,
I,I4 = ( ) current in circuit
I1 = ( ) of R1
I1 = ( ) of lamp1
I2 = ( ) of R2
I2 = ( ) of lamp2
I3 = ( ) of lamp
Kirchoff s Law 2 (Voltage Law)
Kirchoffs voltage law (Kirchoffs second law)

Input source voltage Sum of voltage drop = 0

R1 R2
E1 = ( ) Volt
I1 I2 E2 = ( ) Volt

E=( ) Kirchoffs voltage law


E1 E2
I E=( )
= (R1I) + (R2 I)
= (R1 + R2) I
Electric power and Watt
Amount of work that electricity during 1 second.
Amount of electrical energy, that consume during per time.
Expression of electric power : P
Unit of electric power : w(watt)

The formula for electric power is :


P(watt) = E(volt) I(current) = EE/R = E 2/R = E
E = P/I
I = P/E
Summary for basic
Troubleshooting method in circuit
Electrical 1
When switch on motor's operation is not smooth in below circuit,
it explains checking method and inspection order.

B C
M

A D

E
E
Check procedure
1st. Measure the voltage of battery.
2nd, 1st. Measure the voltage of between B and C.
At this time, voltage must be 12 volts, and inspect following below order if is low than applied voltage.
And, if voltage are 12 volts, it is motor itself defect.

3rd, Measure the voltage between A and B


At this time, voltage bust be 0 volt, if higher than 0 volt, there is resistance between A and B.
4th, Measure the voltage between C and E
At this time, voltage bust be 0 volt, if higher than 0 volt, there is resistance between C and E.
Summary for basic Electrical 2
Check for ground condition in Parallel circuit
Switch1
I1

Switch2
I2
I

Switch3 I4
I3

VOLT

- Current I4 is different according to switch ON in above circuit diagram.


- And voltage V is different according to ground connection condition.
If it is normally, voltage V become 0volt
Summary for basic
Troubleshooting a series circuit
Electrical 3
1. Measure voltage
There is nothing volt With the switch open,
when the switch opened The voltmeter will read a full
12-volt, the same as the source.

R1 R2 SW
I
12 + V1 V2
VOLT

G11 G2

2. Measure voltage
The voltmeter will now When the switch is closed,
read the amount of the voltmeter will indicate
voltage drop across R1. zero volts across the switch.
I R1 R2 SW

12 +
VOLT

G11 G2
Summary for
Troubleshooting a parallel
basic Electrical 4
1. Measure resistance

Measure resistance 10 An ohmmeter can provide a quick idea about


Calculated resistance 5 the condition of the circuit.
An infinity reading would indicated an open, and
a zero resistance reading would indicate a short circuit.
I

12 + Switch
VOLT open
Open R1=10 R2=10

Caution
The switch must be open or the power source disconnected when measuring
resistance using by ohmmeter.
Summary for
Troubleshooting a parallel
basic Electrical 5
2. Measure current

An ammeter can be connected across the open switch,


It can measure the full load current of the circuit

I
+ Switch
R1 R2

The switch location of a circuit is an ideal location to connect an ammeter to the circuit.
Summary for basic
Troubleshooting series-parallel circuit Electrical 6
1. Measure voltage in series-parallel circuit

Measure voltage : 12 volt

I R1

12 + Switch Open
VOLT
G11 R2 R3
Summary for basic Electrical 7
Troubleshooting series-parallel circuit
2. Measure current in series-parallel circuit

I R1

12 + Switch Open
VOLT
R2 R3
G11

3. Measure resistance in series-parallel circuit

R1
12 + Switch
VOLT R2 R3 Open
G11
Analog Multi meter
Analog Multi Meter's operation principle

Scale

Very thin wire


Would on
Indicate needle Spring Meter

North field pole N S South field pole

Positive lead wire Negative lead wire


Analog Current meter
An ammeter measures electrical current in a circuit.

0~1 M

R=100

Range Switch 0~10


R=11.1
0~50
0~100 R=1.04

R=1.01
Analog Volt meter
Voltmeters are always connected in parallel with the device being measured

0~1
M
R=900
R=100
0~10
R=9.9 k
0~50
0~100
R=99.9 k
0~500

R=499.9 k

Analog voltmeter circuit


Analog Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter circuit in case

8 Resistance scale
12 4
0

Electric
Zero Adjuster 3 volt Battery
Magnetic
For Measure
Data indicate.

Red lead wire Resistor Black lead wire


Characteristics of Analog
Voltage that important thing is measuring in resistance mode voltage
output through lead wireOhmmeter
are 3volt and 12volt according to ohm mode
switch position.
Range 1, 10, 1k : 3-volt output
Range10k : 12 volt(3volt+9volt) output

025

Polarity:+ Polarity:- Polarity:+ Polarity:-


Digital multi-meters
Digital multi-meters Summary
Summary for Analog multi meter
When measure voltage, connect by parallel.
When measure current, connect by series connection.
Even if do not know measurement value, range establishment is
no necessity.
When there is selective switch to resistance mode, voltage is
output through probe.
- Output voltage : 0.25 volt
At this time, voltage output from read lead wire , and from
black lead wire - volt.
MagnetandMagneticForce
Characteristic of magnetic substance and
Magnetic line of force
Magnetic line of force comes out from N pole and enter into S pole.
Direction of magnetic line of force indicates the direction of the
magnetic field.
Density of magnetic line of force(Density of magnetic flux)
indicates strength of magnetic field
Magnetic lines of force does not cross each other.
If the direction of magnetic lines of force is same, those magnetic
lines repel each other.

Magnetic line of force and Magnetic field.


Magnetic line of force : Imagined line which stands for electric
force have the characteristic pass the non-magnetic substance.
Magnetic field : Modification of space so that force appear on
magnetic poles or magnets
MagnetandMagneticForce

These figure show the magnetic field The earth is a large magnetic,
of attracting and repelling magnets. surrounded by a magnetic field.
MagnetandMagneticForce
Ifthemagneticsubstance(Iron,Nickel,Tungsten),
whichisnotmagnet,isclosetomagnet,themagnetic
substancesbecomeamagnet.

Phenomenonthatmaterialgetmagneticforcewithin
magneticfield.

N S N S N S N S

Magnet Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic


Substance Substance Substance
ElectroMagneticInduction

Current
Magnetic field by electric charge
Iron pieces

Battery

wire
ElectroMagneticInduction
Magnetic field around coil
MagneticFlux(LenzsLaw)

Lenzslawstateswhenachangeinthe
magneticflux
occurs,thenthereareinducedcurrentsthat
oppose
thechangeinflux.
Solenoid

Whenacurrentcarryingconductoriswouldintoacoil,or
solenoid,themagneticfieldscirclingconductorsseemtomergeor
jointogether.

AsolenoidwillappearasamagneticfieldwithaNorthPoleatone
N
end,andsSouthPoleattheoppositeend.
Current in

Current out
S
Relay
Therelay isadeviceusedtocontrolalargeflowofcurrentbymeans
ofalowvoltage,lowcurrentcircuit.
Arelayisamagneticswitch.
Whenarelayscoilismagnetized,itsattractiveforcepullsthelever
arm, called armature, toward the coil. The contact points on the
armaturewillopenorclosedependingontheirnormallyatrestposition.
Transformer
Atransformerisadeviceusedtotransferenergyfromonecircuittoanother
usingelectromagneticinduction.Atransformerconsistsoftwoormorecoilsof
wirewoundaroundacommonlaminatedironcore.

Thefirstwinding,whichistheinputwinding,iscalledtheprimary.This
windingreceivestheenergyfromthesource.Thesecondwinding,whichis
outputwinding,iscalledthesecondary.Theoutputloadisattachedtothe
secondary.

Primary Secondary
Transformer
Induction
Coil A produces a rising and collapsing magnetic field that cuts across the
conductorsincoilB.CoilBhasavoltageinducedbytheelectricalactionofcoil
A. this is the principle behind all transformers, this principle is called mutual
induction.
Iftheacvoltagesourcefrequencyisequalto60Hz,thenthemagneticfieldrises
andcollapses120timesasecond.

Primary Secondary
Coil A Coil B
Turns Ratio Principle
Transformer
Theratiobetweenthenumberofturnsintheprimaryandsecondaryiscalledtheturn sratio.Theturns
ratio is simply the number of turns in the primary divided by the number of turns in the secondary.
Writtenasaformula:
Turns ratio = Np / Ns=10/1 or 10 to 1

10 to 1 ratio
1,000 turns 100 turns

120 V 12 V
WhereNequalsthenumberofturnsintheprimary(P)orthesecondary(S).

Voltage is step down.


Transformer
The voltage ratio is the ratio between the voltages of the primary
andsecondary.Itisinthesameproportionastheturn sratio:
Voltage ratio = Ep / Es = Np / Ns

The current ratio is the ratio between the currents in the primary
andsecondary.Itisininverseproportiontotheturn sratio:
Current ratio = Is / Ip = Np / Ns

Combiningthethreeratios:
Ep / Es = Np / Ns = Is / Ip
Transformer
Transformersthatareusedtoraiseorloweravoltageareknownasstep
uptransformersandstepdowntransformers.
Stepuptransformershavemoreturnsinthesecondarythantheprimary.
Thevoltageisincreased,itstepsup.
Step down transformers have fewer turns in the secondary than the
primary.Thevoltageisdecreased,itstepsdown.

AutomobileIgnitionCoil
Theignitioncoilproducesthehighvoltagesparkinan
automobileelectricalsystem.Itusesahighturnsratioto
develop30,000voltsormoreacrossthesparkpluggap.

Distributor

Ignition switch

Spark plug

Battery 12V

Ignition coil ECM


LenzsLaw
Surge voltage by self-induction action
Practice1)

- +

12V BATT

Evaluation V

T
LenzsLaw
Practice2)

- +

12V BATT

Evaluation V

T
LenzsLaw
N S Conductor

V
Evaluation

T

CAPACITOR
Acapacitorisadevicethattemporarilystoresanelectriccharge.Acapacitor
acceptsorreturnsthischargeinordertomaintainaconstantvoltage.
Astheswitchisclosed,electronsfromthenegativeterminalofthesource
flowtooneplateofthecapacitor.
Theseelectronsrepelelectronsfromthesecondplate,whicharethendrawn
tothepositiveterminalofthesource.
Thecapacitorisnowchargedandisopposingthesourcevoltage.

Schematic symbols Basic Schematic diagram for capacitor.


Conductive
plates

M
Dielectric

- +

- +

CalculatingCapacitance
Capacitance is determined by the number of electrons that can be
storedinthecapacitorforeachvoltofappliedvoltage.
Capacitanceismeasuredinfarads(F).Afaradrepresentsachargeof
one coulomb that raises the potential 1-volt. This equation is
written.
C=Q/E
WhereCisthecapacitanceinfarads,Qisthechargeincoulombs,
areEisthevoltageinvolts.
Capacitorsusedinelectronicworkhavecapacitiesmeasuredin
microfarads(1/1,000,000F)andPicofarads(1/1,000,000F).
Microfaradiscommonlywrittenas .Picofaradiswrittenas .
Nanfaradisnotacommonmeasurementofcapacitance.

TypesofCapacitors
Capacitorsaremadeinhundredsofsizesandtypes.
Can type electrolytic capacitorsusedifferentmethodsofplateconstruction.
Theceramic capacitorismadeofaspecialceramicdielectric.
Mica capacitorsaresmallcapacitors.Theyaremadebystackingtinfoilplates
togetherwiththinsheetsofmicaasthedielectric.
Fixedpapercapacitors,Rectangularoilfilledcapacitors,Tubularelectrolytic
capacitors,etc.
Ceramic capacitor

Can type capacitors Mica capacitor


TransientResponseofthe
Capacitor
Acapacitorandaresistorareconnectedinseriesacrossavoltagesource.
AcircuitthatcontainsresistanceandcapacitanceiscalledanRCcircuit.
WhentheswitchisclosedinthisRCcircuit,themaximumcurrentwill
flow.Thecurrentgraduallydecreasesuntilthecapacitorhasreachedits
fullcharge.Thecapacitorwillchargetotheleveloftheappliedvoltage.
R

C
Switch
Battery

I
RCTimeConstant
Duringthechargeanddischargeoftheseriesofnetworkoutlinedabove,a
periodoftimeelapsed.Thistimeisindicatedalongthebase,orx-axis,ofthe
graphs.
TheformulatodeterminethetimeconstantinRCcircuitis:
=RC

CapacitorsinSeriesandParallel
Whentwoormorecapacitorsareconnectedinseries,thetotalcapacitanceis:
1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3+1/CN

C1 C2 C3

When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total


capacitance is equal to the sum of the individual
capacitances.
CT = C1 + C2 + C3+CN

C1 C2 C3
GENERATORS
Magnetic Induction
Whenconductoracross
themagneticforceline,
electromotiveforceis
occurredinconductor

Iron
Whenconductor V
S N
movesinduced
voltageisgenerated
inthecoilbyinduced T
Iron
electromotiveforce. V
S N

T
GENERATORS

Theactionofacoilturninginamagneticfield.
InpositionA,thecoiltopmovesparalleltofieldofmagnetism.Novoltageisproduced.
InpositionB,bothsidesofthecoilarecuttingthefieldatrightangles.Thehighest
voltageisproducedatthisrightangle.
PositionCislikepositionA,thevoltagedropstozero.
InpositionD,thecoilisagaincuttingthefieldatrightangles,wherethehighestvoltage
isinduced.However,inpositionDthevoltageisintheoppositedirectionofthat
producedatpositionB.

ConstructionofaGenerator
Ageneratorisadevicethatchangesmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.
ThemajordifferencebetweenanACgeneratorandDCgeneratoristheuseof
slipringsintheACgeneratorandtheuseofacommutator(splitring)inthe
DCgenerator.
ConstructionofaGenerator
Whendcisdesiredintheoutside
Whendcisdesiredintheoutside
circuit,asetofcommutatorsegments
andasetofbrushesareused.
Themechanicalconnectionbetween
theoutsidecircuitandthearmature
constantlychangesbecauseofthe
brushandcommutatorconnections.
Theactionofthecommutatorand
brushesmaintainsaconstantflowin
onedirectiontowardtheoutside
circuit.
ConstructionofaGenerator
Thecurrentintheoutsidecircuitofthedcgeneratoralwaysflowsinone
direction.Theoutputvoltageofthegeneratorrisesandfallsfromzerotoa
maximumtozero,butalwaysinthesamedirection.

The output is not a smooth direct current. The


weakness of pulsating dc can be improved two ways.
The number of rotating coils on the armature can be
increased and commutator sections can be supplied
for each set of coils.
TypesofGenerations
Generatoroutputisdeterminedbythestrengthofthemagneticfieldandthe
speedofrotation.Fieldstrengthismeasuredinampere-turns.So,anincreasein
currentinthefieldwindingswillincreasethetimesthespeedofrotation.
Separately Excited Field Generator
Thisistheseparatelyexcitedfieldgenerator.Withthespeedconstant,theoutput
maybevariedbycontrollingtheexcitingvoltageofthedcsource.Thisisdone
byinsertingresistanceinserieswiththesourceandfieldwindings.
TypesofGenerations
SelfExcitedGenerator
Aself-exitedgeneratorusesnoseparatesourceofvoltagetoexcitethegenerator
fieldwinding.Theself-excitedgeneratorproducesasmallvoltagewhenthe
armaturewindingscutacrossaweakmagneticfield.
Shuntgenerator
Theshuntgeneratorderivesitsnamefromthewaythefieldpolecoilsare
connectedinparalleltothearmature.
TypesofGenerations
Seriesgenerator
Theseriesgeneratorissonamedbecauseitsfieldwindingsarewiredinserieswith
thearmatureandtheload.
Becauseofthewidedifferenceinoutputvoltage,itisnotaverypracticalgenerator
touseiftheloadvaries.

Compound generator
The compound generator uses both series and shunt
windings in the field. The series windings are often a few
turns of large wire. The wire size of the series windings is
usually the same size as the armature conductors.

AlternatingCurrent
Alternatingcurrentchangesitsdirectionofflowattimesinthecircuit.Indc,
thesourcevoltagedoesnotchangeitspolarity.Inac,thesourcevoltage
changesitspolaritybetweenpositiveandnegative.
Acycleisasequenceorchainofeventsoccurringinaperiodoftime.Anac
cyclecanbedescribedasacompletesetofpositiveandnegativevaluesforac.
Frequency,measuredincyclespersecondorhertz(Hz),isthenumberof
completecyclesoccurringpersecond.

AlternatingCurrent
Whensolvingproblemsinvolvingalternatingcurrents,vectorsare
usedtodepictthemagnitudeanddirectionofaforce.
This wave is from a single coil armature, represented by the
rotatingvector,makingonerevolutionthroughamagneticfield.
Alternator
Thealternatorisusedinthechargingsystemofallvehicles.
Thealternatorisusedinthechargingsystemofallvehicles.
Theoutputisrectifiedfromalternatingcurrenttodirectcurrentforcharging
thebatteryandotherelectricaldevicesinthevehicle.Thealternatorhas
someadvantagesoverthedcgenerator.Theseadvantagesincludehigher
outputatlowerspeeds.

Alternator
Thealternatorisabrushtypeinwhichacurrentflowsfromthe
brushesthroughtheslipringtothefieldcoilintherotor.
Major components
Rotor (field coil): generates magnetic field
Whentherotorisdrivenbythepulleyrotation,acurrentflowsfrom
thebushes,throughtheslipring,tothefieldcoil.Therotorcoretabs
thenbecomemagneticpole.
Alternator
Stator: generates electromotive
force
Togetherwiththerotorcore,the
statorcoreformsthemagnetic
fluxpath.Themagneticfluxlines
inthestatorcoreareaffectedby
thepassageoftherotorcorefield
andgenerateelectricity.
Rectifier: rectifiers
electromotive force so generated
Therectifiermainlyconsistsof3
diodetrios,6diodesand2heat
sinks.ItrectifiestheACstator
outputtoDCpower.Eachheat
sinkhasthe(+)or(-)leadsfrom3
diodesattachedtoit,performing
fullwaverectificationfor3-phase
AC.
MotorOperationPrinciples
Theelectric motor convertselectricalpowerintorotatingmechanical
Theelectric motor convertselectricalpowerintorotatingmechanical
power.
Rotational force comes from the interaction between the magnetic field
foundaroundacurrentcarryingconductorandafixedmagneticfield.
A conductor carrying a current has a magnetic field around it. The
directionofthefielddependsonthedirectionofthecurrent.

A Magnetic field exists between the A current carrying conductor has a


poles of a permanent magnet. The magnetic field; its direction depends
arrows indicate the direction of the field. on the direction of the current.
MotorOperationPrinciples

The field around the conductor flows with The current has been reversed in the
the permanent field above the conductor conductor, causing the conductor field to
but opposes the permanent field below reverse. Now the field is reinforced
the conductor. The conductor will move below the conductor and weakened
toward the weakened field. above the conductor. The conductor will
move up.

The single conductor is replaced by a coil of


conductors wound in the slots of an armature
core. Notice how the interaction of the two fields
will produce rotation. Coil A moves up and coil B
moves down. The rotation is clockwise.
CounterElectromotiveForce
Aconductorcutsthroughamagneticfield,voltageisinducedinthemoving
conductor.
Whenthearmaturebeginstorotate,themotoralsobecomesagenerator.
Thegeneratedelectricalforcethatopposestheappliedemfiscalledcounter
electromotiveforce.

Take note of the polarity of the generator


output with a clockwise rotation.

The motor requires the opposite polarity for a


clockwise rotation
DCMotors
Thedifferenttypesofdcmotorssharethecommonnamesofdc
generatorssuchasshunt,series,andcompound.
Theconstructionofthemotorsissimilartothegeneratorcounterparts.

Compound
shunt motor series motor motor

StarterMotor
Thestarterisareductionstarterwitha
built-inreductiongear.Itsmotorhas
beendownsizedwithevenhigher
speedcapability.
Magnetic switch
StarterMotor
Magnetic switch section puts the pinion in mesh with the ring gear and
feeds load current into the motor, the reduction gear and transmitting
torquetothepinion.
Overrunning clutch
The overrunning clutch is of roller type.
Each roller is set in the wedge-shaped groove
provided by the outer and inner races and is
pressed by a spring.
The roller is pressed against the narrower side
of the pinion by its wedge action. On the other
hand, no torque is transmitted from the pinion
as the roller moves to the wider side releasing
the wedge action.

StarterMotorOperation
WhenthestarterswitchisON.
1.Currentfromthebatteryflowsfromtheterminal Softhe
magneticswitchtothepull-incoilPandholdingcoilH.
2.Theplunger,attractedbythemagneticfluxofthepull-in
coilandholdingcoilpushesoutthepinion.
3.Whenthepinionengageswiththeringgear,thecontact
P2closes.
4.Thelargecurrentdirectlyflowsfrombatterytothemotor.
5.Turnthepinion.
6.Nocurrentflowstothepull-incoil.
StarterMotorOperation

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