UNIT-V

ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION
 ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS
Isoparametric elements :-
Isoparametric elements use the same set of shape functions to represent both the element geometry
and displacement interpolations (ux, uy).
The shape functions are defined by natural coordinates, such as triangle coordinates for triangles
and square coordinates for any quadrilateral
Isoparametric concept is developed based on the following three basic theorems:
Theorem I:
If two adjacent elements are generated using shape functions, then there is continuity at
thecommon edge.
Theorem II:
It states, if the shape functions used are such that continuity of displacement is represented inthe
parent coordinates, then the continuity requirement, will be satisfied in the isoparametric elements
Theorem III:
The constant derivative conditions and condition for rigid body are satisfied for all
isoparametric elements
SHAPE FUNCTIONS FOR ISO PARAMETRIC ELEMENTS

Shape functions for iso parametric elements:-

Under special circumstances the same shape functions can also be used to
specify the relation between the global and local coordinate systems.
If this is so the element is of a type calledisoparametric;
the four-node quadrilateral is an example.
The coordinate transformation is therefore

where the N are the shape functions for the four-noded quadrilateral element
SHAPE FUNCTIONS FOR ONE AND TWO DIMENSIONS

DEFINITIONS/ CONCEPTS/ POINTS

Shape Functions for 1D problems
If a polynomial is selected as basis function, then:

Linear case
Two nodes:

Quadratic case
Three nodes:
 SERENDIPITY ELEMENTS

Serendipity elements
Serendipity elements may be called as boundary node familyelements also. In these
elements nodes are only on the boundaries. Zienkiewcz called them as Serendip family
elements by referring to the famous princess of Serendip noted for chance discoveries.
The terms linear, quadratic, cubic and quartic are used since the variation of shape
functions about a boundary is of that order.
The shape functions are found from the consideration that Ni = 1 for ith node and is zero
when referredto any other node.
Discovery of these elements clubbed with isoparametric concept has made major break
through in the finite element analysis.
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION TO
PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS

Plane stress
The plane stress model can be used in the analysis of gently curved surfaces.
For example, consider a thin-walled cylinder subjected to an axial compressive load
uniformly distributed along its rim, and filled with a pressurized fluid.
The internal pressure will generate a reactive hoop stress on the wall, a normal tensile
stress directed perpendicular to the cylinder axis and tangential to its surface.
The cylinder can be conceptually unrolled and analyzed as a flat thin rectangular plate
subjected to tensile load in one direction and compressive load in another other direction,
both parallel to the plate
 MATRIX SOLUTION TECHNIQUES

Matrix Method:-
Matrix Method for solving systems of equations is also known as Row Echelon Method.
The matrix method is similar to the method of Elimination as but is a lot cleaner than the
elimination method.
Solving systems of equations by Matrix Method involves expressing the system of
equations in form of a matrix and then reducing that matrix into what is known as Row
Echelon Form.
Below are two examples of matrices in Row Echelon Form
The first is a 2 x 2 matrix in Row Echelon form and the latter is a 3 x 3 m
 Solutions Techniques to Dynamic problems
Structural dynamics
Structural dynamics, therefore, is a type of structural analysis which covers the behavior
of structures subjected to dynamic(actions having high acceleration) loading.
Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts.
Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading.
Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and modal analysis.
A dynamic analysis is also related to the inertia forces developed by a structure when it is excited
by means of dynamic loads applied suddenly (e.g., wind blasts, explosion, earthquake).
A static load is one which varies very slowly.
A dynamic load is one which changes with time fairly quickly in comparison to the structure's
natural frequency.
If it changes slowly, the structure's response may be determined with static analysis, but if it varies
quickly (relative to the structure's ability to respond), the response must be determined with a
dynamic analysis.
Dynamic analysis for simple structures can be carried out manually, but for complex
structures finite element analysis can be used to calculate the mode shapes and frequencies.
 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
Introduction to Analysis Software:
ANSYS Mechanical provides solutions for many types of analyses including structural, thermal,
modal, linear buckling and shape optimization studies.
ANSYS Mechanical is an intuitive mechanical analysis tool that allows geometry to be imported
from a number of different CAD systems.
It can be used to verify product performance and integrity from the concept phase through the
various product design and development phases.
The use of ANSYS Mechanical accelerates product development by providing rapid feedback on
multiple design scenarios, which reduces the need for multiple prototypes and product testing
iterations.
NASTRAN is a finite element analysis (FEA) program that was originally developed for NASA in
the late 1960s by Stephen Burns of the University of Rochester under United States government
funding for the Aerospace industry.
The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation (MSC) was one of the principal and original developers of
the public domain NASTRAN code.
NASTRAN source code is integrated in a number of different software packages, which are
distributed by a range of companies