CHAPTER 1

STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC BONDING

Objectives:
To distinguish the different states of
matter
To classify matter as elements, mixture

or compounds
To understand the basic structure of an

atom
To identify types of atomic bonding
1.1 MATTER
Fundamental of material matter
Definition of Matter: anything which
has a mass & occupies a volume
made of tiny particles: atoms @
molecules
Materials exist in 4 different states of

matter:

?
MATTER
Fundamental of material matter
Definition of Matter: anything which has a
mass & occupies a volume
made of tiny particles: atoms @ molecules

Materials exist in 4 different states of matter:

a) solid
b) liquid
c) gas
MATTER
Fundamental of material matter
Definition of Matter: anything which has a
mass & occupies a volume
made of tiny particles: atoms @ molecules

Materials exist in 3 different states of matter:

a) solid Study behavior of its
b) liquid atom
c) gas
d) plasma an ionized gas: +ve ions & free
electrons
no overall electric charge
Kinetic Theory of Matter
It explains that matter can change form from one
state to another when there is available energy to be
absorbed/released.
What type of ENERGY is referred here?

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES:
Heating Curve
Process Endothermic (absorbed
energy)
Temperature increase Particles gain

Kinetic Energy and begin rotating around

each other.
The intermolecular force (IF) begin to

weaken.
Solid to liquid heat of fusion
Liquid to gas heat of vaporisation
Cooling curve
Process Exothermic (released
energy)
Temperature decrease Particles loose

Kinetic Energy begin to slow down and

come closer together.
The intermolecular force (IF) become

strong enough to make particle merely

rotate around each other.
Solid to liquid heat of fusion
Liquid to gas heat of vaporisation
Heating curve
 Comparison between solid, liquid,
gas
Characteristic SOLID LQUID GAS
s
Shape Definite Not definite Not definite
Volume Definite Definite Not definite
Can be No No Yes
compressed?
Attraction force: Very strong Strong Very weak
Arrangement of Very close and Close together Very far apart
particles: vibrate in place and move and move
randomly rapidly
Rate of Not diffuse Slowly rapidly
diffusivity: (measurably)
 Element, Mixture,
Compound
Homogeneous: combination of substances
which having identical properties in the whole
system. These substances cannot be
separated easily.
Heterogeneous: combination of substances
which having non-identical properties in the
whole system. They can be separated easily.
Element: A pure substance composed with
only one sort of atom.
Mixture: Combination of the properties of the
individual substances.
Compound: Combination of two or more
elements in fixed proportion by weight.
1.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
To understand the bonding between atoms, use a
relatively simple planetary model of atomic
structure that is; electrons (the planet) orbit
about a nucleus (the sun)
Modern Atomic Theory
Introduced by Neils Bohr (1913)
The theory conclude that:

a) Atom consists of subatomic particles:

- proton and neutron (placed at the nucleus)
- (A cloud of) electrons orbits the nucleus
b) The volume of the nucleus is extremely small
compared to the volume of an atom
c) The atom is electrically neutral since the number
of electrons are equal with the number of proton
Idealized from ATOM electrically
MODERN neutral
No. of electron
=
No. of
ATOMIC THEORY
proton

Basic
understanding
of chemical
properties of an
atom
To distinguish among atoms:
Atomic number (Z) :
1. number of protons in the nucleus
2. identifying the atoms showing the average
mass in the periodic table (g/mol)
Mass number (A) :
1. number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
of an istopes (g/mol)
2. derived terms known as Atomic weight
= average of mass number of the atoms,
naturally occurring isotopes
 Isotopes : Atoms of the same element that have
different mass.
(same number of proton, different number of
neutron)
In periodic table, only the most stable isotope is

displayed.
The other unstable isotopes are also arrange in the

same location with the stable isotope.

Example: Protium, (H 1) Deuterium (H 2) Tritium
1 1
(H13)
 Electron at
outer shell
valence
electron

Electron
moving in fixed
circular orbit

Electron further from nucleus high binding energy

Electron close to nucleus low binding energy
Electron Structure
Every electron posses high kinetic energy on their
own.
Moving in fixed circular orbits (n).

Electron in every orbits posses different energy

(eV).
Electron in further orbit:

- less binding energy with nucleus

- placed at highest energy level (band diagram):
~1eV
Electron close to nucleus:

- most binding energy with nucleus

- placed at the lowest energy level
Electrons that are stable at their shell ground

state

 Maximum number of electron occupy in every shell:

2n2
Orbital @ Sublevel in No. of No. of No. of
Energy main orbitals per electron electron
Level (n) energy sublevel per per orbitals
level sublevel (2n2)
1 s 1 2 2
2 s 1 2 8
p 3 6

3 s 1 2 18
p 3 6

d 5 10

4 s 1 2 32
p 3 6

d 5 10

f 7 14
Properties of Metal & Non-
Metals
QUIZ 1 submit on next
class
1. List ALL the possibilities on how elements
are arranged in periodic table.
2. List ALL the characteristics for the sub-
groups listed in the periodic table.
3. Write the electron configuration (spdf
notation) for the following elements:
a) Calcium
b) Molybdenum
c) Tellurium
d) Bismuth
 1.3 CHEMICAL BONDING
Atom electron
Stay at the outer most
of shell:
Posses very high energy:
1. Attract with nucleus (PE) Valence electron
2. Attract with another valence
electron from another atom
(KE)
Having interaction with
another atom:
Chemical bonding:
Atom + atom = compound

Free electron
 Chemical
bonding

Primary bonding Secondary bonding

1. Very strong bonding 1. The weakest bonding

2. Ebond : > 20 kcal/mol 2. Ebond : 1-10 kcal/mol
3. Three types of bonding: 3. Two types of bonding:
a) Ionic bonding a) Hydrogen bonding
b) Covalent bonding (7 kcal/mol)
c) Metallic bonding b) Van der Waals
- fluctuate dipole
(< 2 kcal/mol)
- permanent dipole
(1-10kcal/mol)
IONIC BONDING
Electrostatic interaction between two different opposite charge
ions
The strongest bonding > 150 kcal/mol
It forms between a metal and a non metal
There is electron transfer from the less electronegative
atom to the more electronegative
Bonding forces F electrostatic attraction between
opposite charged ions
Pure ionic bond: ideal.
Always exists covalent participation
Ionic compounds are crystalline solids
It is a non directional bond formed by strong electrostatic
interactions
IONIC BONDING: General
properties
Strong electrostatic attraction High melting
and evaporation points
Hard and brittle solids at room temperature

They do not conduct electricity (except in molten

state or when dissolved in water)
Water soluble.
Example: ZnCl2 , NaCl (table salt), CaCl2 (rock
salt), KBr, MgO, ZnCl2, NaBr, NaF, KI, KCl2, K2O
COVALENT BONDING
Interaction by sharing valence electron with two
adjacent atoms
Second strongest 50-150kcal/mol
Generally it forms between the non metallic
elements of the periodic table
It forms by electron sharing make them more
stable: become diatomic
Directional bond: cooperative sharing of valence
electron between two adjacent atoms
Mostly exist in gas, liquid
Example: O3, CH4, C2H4, NH3, all halogen gases
 METALLIC BOND

Ebond : 20-120 kcal/mol

Formed between metallic element.
It form a loose cloud of electrons.

It is a non-directional band
valence electrons are
directed at any direction
Very strong
electrostatic
interaction
BONDING AND PROPERTIES
General Properties of
Materials

HOMEWORK:

Read the topic of FAMILIES OF MATTER