Course : S0442 - Construction Method

Year : February 2011

Heavy Equipment for Earthwork

Construction
Session 3
DOZERS
A dozer is a tractor unit that has a blade
attached to the machines front. It is designed to
provide tractive power for drawbar work.
A dozer has no set volumetric capacity. The
amount of material the dozer moves is dependent on
the quantity that will remain in front of the blade
during the push

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 Crawler Dozer & Wheel Type Dozer

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 Dozers may be used for operations such as :
1. Moving earth or rock for short haul (push)
distances, up to 90 m
2. Spreading earth or rock fills
3. Backfilling trenches
4. Opening up pilot roads through mountains or
rocky terrain
5. Clearing the floors or borrow and quarry pits
6. Helping load tractor-pulled scrapers
7. Clearing land of timber, stumps and root mat

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 Project Employment
Stripping
Backfilling
Spreading
Slot Dozing
Blad-to-Blade Dozing

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 Land Clearing
Crawler dozers equipped with special clearing blades are excellent
machines for land clearing. Clearing of vegetation and trees is
usually necessary before undertaking earthmoving operations.
Ripping Rock
Crawler tractors can be fitted with rear-mounted rippers
specifically designed by the manufacturer to match tarctor
characteristics. Rippers penetrate the earth and is pulled by the
crawler tractors to loosen and split hard ground, weak rock or old
pavements and bases.

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 SCRAPERS
Scrapers are designed to
load, haul and
dump loose
material in controlled lifts
Scrapers are best suited for
haul distances greater than
500 ft but less than 3000
ft, although with very large
units, the maximum distance
can approach a mile

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 SCRAPERS
The production cycle of a scrapers consists of six
operations :
Loading
Haul travel
Dumping and spreading
Turning
Return travel
Turning and positioning to pick up
another load
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 Scraper Types
1.Pusher Loaded (conventional)
- Single powered axle
- Tandem powered axle
2.Self loading
- Push pull, tandem-powered axle
- Elevating
- Auger
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 Push Loaded (conventional)
Many models can achieve speeds up
to 30 mph when fully loaded. This
extends the economic haul distance of
the units
Push loaded scrapers are at a
disadvantage when it comes to
individually providing the high tractive
effort required for economical loading.
For the single powered axle scraper
only a portion, on the order of 50
55% of the total loaded weight, bears
on the drive wheels.
Single engine scrapers become
uneconomical when :
Haul grades > 5% and
Return grades > 12%
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 Tandem powered (twin engine)
Tandem powered (twin engine) scrapers are good
for job having adverse grades and poor footing
Owning and operating cost are about 25 % higher

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 Elevating Scrapers
Elevating scrapers are good for short hauls and in
favorable material
Can work alone in the cut
Cost more initially & to operate
Elevator adds weight & takes power

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 Push Pull Scrapers
Push pull scarpers can work as a team or can
operate individually with a pusher
Tire wear will increase in rock or abrasive
materials because of more slippage from the four-
wheel drive action

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 Auger Scrapers
Auger scrapers can self-load in difficult
conditions, laminated rock or granular materials
The auger adds weight to the scraper during
travel and it is more costly to own an operate
than a conventional scraper

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 EXCAVATORS
Hydraulic excavators are designed to
excavate below the ground surface on
which the machine rests. These machines
have good mobility and are excellent for general-
purpose work, such as excavating trenches and pits.
Because of the hydraulic action of their stick and
bucket cylinders, they exert positive forces crowding
the bucket into the material to be excavated.
The major components of the hydraulic hoe are the
boom, the stick (arm), and the bucket.

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 Excavation Techniques
The hoe is normally associated with two types of
excavations, trenching (linear-type) and
basement (area-type).
The operator should judge the length and depth
of cut to produce a full bucket with every pass

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 Paralel & Perpendicular Trenches
Parallel Trenches
With the parallel method, center the hoe on the trench, while
keeping the tractor in line with the trench center line. As the
digging progresses, move the machine away from the
excavation and load the material into haul units or stockpile it
along the side of the trench for later use as backfill.
Perpendicular Trenches
When using the perpendicular method, dig the trenches in two
or more cuts or lifts. To excavate the top 35 to 45 percent of
the trench depth, make the first cut with the boom carried high.
To finish the cut and remove the remainder of the material,
move forward about one-half the length of the machine with
the boom carried low. Although this method involves more and
shorter moves, it has better bucket digging angles and shorter
hoisting distance on the top lifts.
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 Truck and Hauling Equipment
Trucks are hauling units that
provide relatively low hauling
costs because of their speeds.
The weight capacity of a truck
may limit the volume of the
load that a unit can haul.
The productive capacity of a
truck depends on the size of
its load and the number of
trips it can make in an hour
Truck cycle time has four
components : load time, haul
time, dump time and return
time

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 Truck Production

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 Truck Capacity
Gravimetric the load it will carry, expressed as
a weight
Struck volume the volumetric amount it will
carry, if the load is water level in the body (bowl
or dump box)
Heaped volume the volumetric amount it will
carry, if the load is heaped on a 2 : 1 slope above
the bodt

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 Tires
Tires are about
35% of a trucks
operating cost
Overloading a
truck abuses the
tires

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 Truck Size Affects Productivity
Small Truck
Advantages Disadvantages
Maneuvering Number
Speed More drivers
Production Loading impediment
Balance of fleet Positioning time
Large Truck
Advantages Disadvantages
Number Cost of truck time at
loading
Driver required Loads heavier
Loading advantage Balance of fleet
Positioning time
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