Parts of a Proposal

Title
Abstract
Introduction/Background Methodology
Problem Statement Significance/
Purpose/Aims/Rationale/ Implications
Research Questions Overview of Chapters
Review of Literature Plan of Work
Bibliography
Research Paper/
Proposal Presentation
Ph.D. Research Proposal
A presentation by
Sushma
 Thesis / Dissertation Proposal
Thiodicarb a Carbamate in secticide
induced toxicity and enzymatic activities
in the fresh water fish Catle

By
Sushma Anil (Research Scholar)

Supervisor /Instructor: Dr. V. Venkata Ratnamma

Department of Zoology & Aquaculture,
Acharya Nagarjuna University.
INTRODUCTION
Thiodicarb a Carbamate insecticide has
been used for the last seveal years in
Agriculture & Aquaculture
It effects both target and non- target
Organisms
I have undertaken to investigate the
impact of Thiodicab on fish Catla.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY
Characters:-
White crystalline powder, Slight sulfurous
order
Soluble in water
Chemical group- carbamate
BSI common name Thidicard
Empirical formula- C10H18N4O4S3
TOXICOLOGGICAL EFFECTS
Pesticides contaminate soil, water &other vegetation.
In addition to kill insects or weeds, these are toxic to
other non target organisms like birds, fishes &
humans etc..
Thiodicarb degrades rapidly in to methomyl under
moist conditions.
Methomyl is morepersistent, more mobile, more
toxic.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENT
STUDY
Pollutants such as insecticides may significantly
damage Certain physiological & biochamical
processes when they enter in to the organs of fishes.
The present study has been undertaken to have a
basic understanding of the acute toxicity & chronic
effects of thiodicarb on fresh water fish catla.
Catla was selected as atest fish as it is highly
consumed by the people of krishna region.
BIOLOGY OF THE TEST FISH
Catla is the one of the Indian major carp, used in
polyculture
Taxonimic Position
Phylum:- Chordata
Class :- Osteichthyes
Family :- Cyprinidae
Sub family:- Cyprininae
Genus :- Catla
Species :- Catla Catla
Habit & Habitat

Found in ponds, lakes, streams, rivers etc..

Non predatory
Feeding is restricted to Surface & nid water

Morphological description
Short with broad head
Mouth is wide
Upper lip is thin ,lower lip is thick

Breeding Time

Summer & rainy season

Eggs are not floatable, non- adhesive, Yellowish in color.
Toxicity Evaluation
The 96 hr toxicity test is one of the most commonly
employed test in the evaluation of toxicity.
Median lethal concentration (LC50) is the
Concentration of a Chemical which kills 50% of the
population in a particular length of exposure,
usually 96hr.
Mortality rate was observed in all Concentration of
thiodicard after 24,48,72and 96hrs.
(I) Sublethal effects
Sublethal exposures to longer periods are more
dangerous to the organisms.

Qualitative descriptors for categories of fish and

aquatic invertebrate toxicity (from Zucker1985)

LC50 Category description

<0.1 PPM Very high toxic
0.1 1PPM Highly Toxic
>1<10 PPM Moderately toxic
>10<100PPM Slightly Toxic
>100PPM Practically non-toxic
(II) Preparation of Stock Solution
Stock Solution was prepared by disolving
the thiodicarb in 100% pure acetone.

(III) Selection of Sub- Lethal Concentration

In the present study 1/10th of 96 hr
LC50 value was selected as sub lethal
Concentration.

IV . Calculations of the 95% Confidence

intervals
(V) Behavioural changes:-

Concentration of Thiodicarb for 96 hrs,

Several behavioural changes are
observed.

Erratic Swimming movements

Disstress

Breathing difficult
Oxgen Description
O2 consumption of the test fish in
respiration for a period of 22hr under
exposure to sublethal concentration (1/10
th of Lc50 for 96 hrs.
Biological Studies
Biochemical changes in the vital orgen
tissues like, Brain,gills, muscle, liver&
Kidney were observed by doing the
following tests.
ESTIMATION OF GLYCOGEN
KEMP ET AL., (1954)
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL
PROTEIN CONTENT
LOWRY ET AL (1951)
Estimation of Nucleic acids
Searchi and Maclinnis (1970)
DNA:-Searchi& Maclinins(1970)
RNA : Searchi &
Machinns(1970)
Enzyme Preparation
Estimation of Aminotrams ferases activity:

Reitman & Frankel (1957)

SGOT/AAT

REITMAN & FRANKEL (1957)

ESTIMATION OF LDH (LACTATE DEHYNOGENASE ACTIVITY)

SRIKANTH AND KRISHNAMURTHY (1955)

ESTIMATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY (ACP)

BODANSKY (1932)
ESTIMATION OF GLANTAMATE DEHYDROGENSE ACTIVITY (GDH)

LEE & LARDY (1965)

ESTIMATION OF GLNTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY

DESCRIBED BY PRAMEELAMMA & SWAMI (1975)

ESTIMATE OF ACETY1 CHLONESTERASE (ACH.E)

ENZYME ACTIVITY:- ELLMAN ET AL; (1961)

FUTURE PLAN