NS 4 Influence Lines

BUILDING
AND
BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Influence Lines
2
Bending Moment & Shear Force Dia
grams
Bending moment (BM) and shear force (S
F) diagrams show the variation of bending
moment and shear force along a structura
l element (beam) when a load (or a set of l
oads) is applied to the structural element.
Points of action of these loads are fixed.
These diagrams are useful to determine th
e maximum BM and SF developed in the
member and the locations of the maximu
m values due to the application of the loa
ds.
3
Sign Convention - Positive & Negative V
alues
On the left-hand face of the cut

member, positive values;
Normal Force (N) acts to the right
(tends to elongate the segment)
Shear Force (V) acts downward
(tends to rotate the segment
clockwise)
Bending Moment (M) - acts
counterclockwise (tends to bend the
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Positive Normal Force
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Positive Shear
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Positive Bending Moment
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BM & SF Diagrams
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BM & SF Diagrams
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BM & SF Diagrams
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BM & SF Diagrams
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BM, SF & Reactions
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Influence Lines
When the applied load is not fixed (ie. mo
ving) we use INFLUENCE LINES to determi
ne the impact of live moving loads at a sin
gle point as the load moves across the be
am.
Influence lines are important in the desig
n of structures that resist live moving load
s.
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Influence Lines
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Definition of an Influence Line
An influence line represents the va

riation of the reaction, shear, mom
ent, or deflection at a specific poin
t in a member as a concentrated lo
ad moves over the member.
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Influence Lines
They provide a systematic procedu

re for determining how the reactio
n, shear, moment, or deflection in
a given part of a structure varies as
the applied load moves about on t
he structure.
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IL Vs BM Diagram
Difference between constructing an influen
ce line and constructing a shear or moment
diagram.
Influence lines represent the effect of a m
oving load only at a specified point on a m
ember
Bending moment diagrams represent the
effect of fixed loads at all points along the
axis of the member
17
Methods of Producing Influence
Lines
Take a moving load of one unit weight.
Select the point of interest where reacti
on, shear, moment, or deflection is req
uired.
Place the moving load at various points
and use statics principles to find the re
action, shear, moment, or deflection at
the point of interest.
Plot the values of the reaction, shear, m
oment, or deflection over the length of
the beam, computed for the point unde
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Methods of Producing Influence
Lines
Make life easier for statically deter
minate structures you get straight lin
es (although the line slope may chan
ge as the load passes over key point
s).
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Influence Lines
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Why Use a Unit Load for an Influen
ce Line?
1 is easy to multiply by the weight of any t
hing or any number of things I want.
Influence lines are popular for studying th
e impact of moving variable loads on bri
dges and other such structures.
To obtain the reaction, shear, moment, or
deflection due to any applied load, multipl
y the ordinate of influence line diagram b
y the value of the load.
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Influence Line / BM or SF Diagra
m
Influence lines represent the effect of a m
oving load only at a specified point on a m
ember.
Shear and moment diagrams represent th
e effect of fixed loads at all points along t
he member.
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Procedures to Determine Influence
Lines
Tabular Procedure
Influence Line Equations
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Tabular Procedure to determine the influe
nce line
1. Place a unit load (a load whose magnitud
e is equal to one) at a point, x, along the
member.
2. Use the equations of equilibrium to find t
he value of the function (reaction, shear,
or moment) at a specific point P due the
concentrated load at x.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for various values o
f x over the whole beam.
4. Plot the values of the reaction, shear, or
moment for the member. 24
Influence-Line Equations Procedure
to determine the influence line
1. Place a unit load (a load whose magnitud
e is equal to one) at a point, x, along the
member.
2. Use the equations of equilibrium to find t
he value of the reaction, shear, or mome
nt at a specific point P due the concentra
ted load as a function of x.
3. Plot the values of the reaction, shear, or
moment for the member.
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Example 1
Construct the influence line for the vertical
reaction at A of the beam.
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 2
Construct the influence line for the vertical
reaction at B of the beam.
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Example 2
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Example 2
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Example 3
Construct the influence line for the shear at
point C of the beam.
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 4
draw an influence line for the reaction, she
ar, and moment for both points A and B usi
ng the tabular method.
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Influence Line for the Reaction a
t Point A
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Influence Line for the Reaction a
t Point A
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Influence Line for the BM at Poi
nt A
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Influence Line for the BM at Poi
nt A
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Influence Line for SF at Point B
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Influence Line for SF at Point B
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Influence Line for BM at Point B
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Influence Line for BM at Point B
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Why calculating moments is important
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Components of a Tower Crane
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Crawler Crane
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Rough Terrain Crane
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Muller-Breslau Principle
This is a technique for rapidly constructing t
he shape of an influence line.
It states that the influence line for a functio
n (reaction, shear, or moment) is to the sam
e scale as the deflected shape of the beam
when the beam is acted upon by the functio
n.
In order to draw the deflected shape proper
ly, the capacity of the beam to resist the ap
plied function must be removed so the bea
m can deflect when the function is applied.
65
Muller-Breslau Principle
Proof using the principle of virtual work
Work = linear displacement x force (in the directio
n of the displacement) or a rotational displaceme
nt and moment in the direction of the displaceme
nt.
If a rigid body (beam) is in equilibrium, the sum of

all the forces and moments on it must be equal to
zero.
Consequently, if the body is given an imaginary or

virtual displacement, the work done by all these f
orces must also be equal to zero. 66
Muller-Breslau Principle (contd.)
Proof using the principle of virtual work
by all these forces must also be equal to zero.
y
'y
A Ay
If y is set to
equal 1,
Therefore, Reaction at A = Ordinate y at the
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position of unit load
Application of Muller-Breslau Princi
ple
Support reaction
Remove the restraint in the vertical directi
on
Introduce a unit displacement in the direc
tion of the reaction
68
ple
Support reaction (Ex.1 : 22)
69
ple
Shear force
Make a cut in the section
Introduce a unit relative translation at C
70
ple
Shear force
Make a cut in the section
Introduce a unit relative translation at C
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ple
Bending moment
Remove the ability to resist moment at C
by using a hinge
Introduce a unit relative rotation at C
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ple
Bending moment
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Muller-Breslau Principle - Example : Vertical Reacti
on at A
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Muller-Breslau Principle - Example : Vertical Reacti
on at A
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Influence Lines for Beams
Once the influence line for a function (react
ion, shear, or moment) has been constructe
d, it will then be possible to position the liv
e loads on the beam which will produce the
maximum value of the function. Two types
of loadings are considered.
Concentrated load
Uniform load
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Concentrated Load on Beam
Since the numerical values of a function for
an influence line are determined using a di
mensionless unit load, then for any concent
rated force F acting on the beam at any posi
tion x, the value of the function can be foun
d by multiplying the ordinate of the influenc
e line at the position x by the magnitude of
F.
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Reaction
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BM
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Uniform Load on Beam
Consider a portion of a beam subjected to a uniform load
w 0 as shown,
each dx segment of this load creates a concentrated force

of dF = w 0.dx on the beam.
If dF is located at x, where the beams influence-line ordin
ate for some function (reaction, shear, moment) is y, then
the value of the function is (dF).(y) = (w 0.dx).y
The effect of all the concentrated forces dF is determined
by integrating over the entire length of the beam, that is,
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Also, since,
is equivalent to the area under the influence line, then, in
general, the value of a function caused by a uniform distri
buted load is simply the area under the influence line for t
he function multiplied by the intensity of the uniform load.
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BM
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Example
Determine the maximum positive shear that
can be developed at point C in the beam du
e to a concentrated moving load of 20 kN a
nd a uniform moving load of 10 kN/m.
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Example
Concentrated load,
The maximum positive shear at C will occur when the 20 k
N force is located at x = 2.5 +m since this is the positive pea
k of the influence line.
The ordinate of this peak is so that,
V c = 0.75 x 20 kN = 15 kN
Uniform load
The uniform moving load creates the maximum positive inf
luence for V c when the load acts on the beam between x =
2.5 +m and x = 10 m and since within this region the influen
ce line has a positive area. The magnitude of V c due to this
loading is,
V c = 0.5 x (10-2.5) x (0.75) x (10) kN = 28.1 kN
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Example
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Influence Lines for Floor Girders
Generally, steel floor systems are construct
ed as shown in the figure below, where it ca
n be seen that floor loads are transmitted fr
om slabs to floor beams, then to side girder
s, and finally supporting columns.
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Influence Lines for Floor Girders
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Floor Girders - Exercise
Draw the influence line for the shear in pan
el CD of the floor girder
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Influence Lines
Since beams or girders are usually major l
oad carrying members in large structure
s, it is important to draw influence lines fo
r reaction, shear, and moment at specifie
d points.
Once an influence line has been drawn, it
is possible to locate the live loads on the
beam so that the maximum value of the r
eaction, shear, or moment is produced.
This is very important in the design proce
dure.
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Influence Lines
Concentrated Force - Since we use a unit f
orce (a dimensionless load), the value of t
he function (reaction, shear, or moment) c
an be found by multiplying the ordinate of
the influence line at the position x by the
magnitude of the actual force P.
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Influence Lines for Trusses
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Influence Lines for Trusses
Trusses are often used as primary load-carr
ying elements for bridges.
Hence, for design it is important to be able

to construct the influence lines for each of i
ts members. The loading on the bridge deck
is transmitted to stringers, which in turn tra
nsmit the loading to floor beams and then t
o the joints along the bottom cord of the tr
uss.
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Influence Lines for Trusses (Con
t.)
Since the truss members are affected only by the j
oint loading, we can therefore obtain the ordinate
values of the influence line for a member by loadi
ng each joint along the deck with a unit load and t
hen use the method of joints or the method of sec
tions to calculate the force in the member.
The data can be arranged in tabular form, listing
unit load at joint versus force in member. As a
convention, if the member force is tensile it is con
sidered a positive value; if it is compressive it is n
egative. The influence line for the member is cons
tructed by plotting the data and drawing straight l
ines between the points. 96
Example
Draw the influence line for the force in me
mber GB of the bridge truss shown below.
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Example
Each successive joint at the bottom cord is loaded
with a unit load and the force in member GB is cal
culated using the method of sections. For exampl
e, placing the unit load at x = 6 m (joint B), the su
pport reaction at E is calculated first, then passing
a section through HG, GB, BC and isolating the rig
ht segment, the force in GB is determined. In the
same manner, determine the other values listed i
n the table.
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Example
Plotting the tabular data and connecting the points yi
elds the influence line for member GB. Since the influ
ence line extends over the entire span of the truss, m
ember GB is referred to as a primary member. This m
eans GB is subjected to a force regardless of where th
e bridge deck (roadway) is loaded.
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References
Structural Analysis R.C. Hibbler (8 th Editi
on)
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C
A
101
C
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BUILDING

On the left-hand face of the cut

An influence line represents the va

They provide a systematic procedu

If a rigid body (beam) is in equilibrium, the sum of

Consequently, if the body is given an imaginary or

each dx segment of this load creates a concentrated force

Hence, for design it is important to be able

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