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Continuous Distributions

The Uniform Distribution


A continuous random variable X is said to have uniform distribution on the interval
[A ,B] if the pdf of X is

1
f (x) (b a ) for a x b
0 for all other values

In a uniform or rectangular distribution, the total area under the curve is


equal to the product of the length and the width of the rectangle and equals 1.
1
The length of the rectangle is (b-a) and height is (b a )
1
ba

f (x)

Area = 1
a x
b

The mean and the standard deviation of a uniform distribution are


given as follows.
ab

2
ba

12
Exercise 6.4 (188) : The average fill volume of a regular can of soft drink is 12
ounces. Suppose the fill volumes of this can ranges from 11.97 to 12.03 ounces
and is uniformly distributed. What is the height of this distribution? What is the
probability that a randomly selected can contains more than 12.01 ounces of fluid?
What is the probability that the fill volume is between 11.98 and 12.01 ounces?.
The Normal Distribution
The normal distribution has the following characteristics.
It is a continuous distribution.
It is symmetrical about the mean.
It is asymptotic about the horizontal axis.
It is unimodal.
It is a family of curves.
Area under the curve is 1.
Probability Density Function of the Normal Distribution

A continuous rv X is said to have a normal distribution with parameters and


, where - and 0< , if the pdf of X is
1
f ( x; , ) e ( x ) / 2 2
x
2

2
The Standardized Normal Distribution

5
5

10

20 30 40 500000 60 70 80 90 100 110 120


The conversion formula for any x value of a given normal distribution follows.

x
Z formula is z , 0

Exercise 6.9
According to Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association, the average
local monthly cell phone bill is $42.78. Suppose local monthly cell phone
bills are normally distributed, with a standard deviation of $11.35.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected cell phone bill is more than
$67.75?
b. What is the probability that a randomly selected cell phone bill is between
$30 and $50?
c. What is the probability that a randomly selected cell phone bill is no more
than $25?
d. What is the probability that a randomly selected cell phone bill is between
$45 and $55?
The Normal approximation to the Binomial Distribution
Normal distribution can be used to approximate the binomial Probabilities
Step-1: Convert binomial parameters to normal parameters
Step-2. Does the interval 3 lie between 0 and n? If so continue, otherwise
donot use the normal approximation.
Step-3. Correction for continuity
Step-4. Solve the normal distribution problem.

The binomial probability,


Values P ( X 25 | n 60 and p .30)
Being Correction
Determined is approximated by the normal probability
P(X 24.5 | 18 and 3.55).

X +.50
X -.50
X -.50
X +.05
X -.50 and +.50
X +.50 and -.50
0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Exercise 6.23
The international Data Corporation reports that Compaq is number one in PC
market share in the United States with 16% of the market. Suppose a
researcher randomly selects 139 recent purchasers of PCs.
a. What is the probability that more than 25 PC purchasers bought a Compaq?
b. What is the probability that between 15 and 23 (inclusive) PC purchasers
bought a Compaq?
c. What is the probability that fewer than 12 PC purchasers bought a Compaq?
d. What is the probability that exactly 22 PC purchasers bought a Compaq?
Exponential Distributions
Characteristics of the exponential distribution
It is a continuous distribution.
It is a family of distributions.
It is skewed to the right.
The x values range from zero to infinity.
The curve steadily decreases as x gets larger.

Exponential Distribution
X is said to have an exponential distribution if the pdf of X is
e
x
x0 0
f ( x; )
0 Otherwise
The is the mean arrival rate
The mean and the variance of X are
1 1


1
Mean time between arrivals =

The Cumulative distribution function


1 e x x0
F(x; )= 0 x<0
Example: Suppose the response time X at a certain on-line computer
terminal (the elapsed time between the end of users inquiry and the
beginning of the systems response to that inquiry ) has an
exponential distribution with expected response time equal to 5 sec.
(a) Find the probability that the response time is at most 10 sec.
(b) Find the probability that the response time is between 5 and 10
secs.
Exercise 6.29
A busy restaurant determined that between 6:30 P.M. and 9 P.M.
on Friday nights, the arrivals of customers are Poissons
distributed with an average arrival rate of 2.44 per minute.
a. What is the probability that at least 10 minutes will elapse
between arrivals?
b. What is the probability that at least 5 minutes will elapse
between arrivals?
c. What is the probability that atleast 1 minute will elapse between
arrivals?
d. What is expected amount of time between arrivals?

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