Health and Sanitation Final

Health and sanitation
Group no 03
Group 3
Rachna Sansad Institute of Akansha Atre - 1
Environmental Planning Srinivas Rao - 20
Environmental Architecture Kajal saxena - 24
Singapore
Water supply and
sanitation in
Singaporeis characterized
by a number of
achievements in the
challenging environment of
a densely populated island.
Innovative integrated
water management
approaches such as the
reuse ofreclaimed water,
the establishment of
protected areas in urban
rainwater catchments
and the use of estuaries as
freshwater reservoirs
have been introduced along
with
seawaterdesalinationin
order to reduceGroup the
3
Rachna Sansad Institute of Environmental Planning:
country's dependenceAkansha Atre
on - 1
Srinivas Rao - 20
Environmental Architecture 03. Health and sanitation
water imported from- 24
Kajal saxena
The Issue
Singapore is an island
country.
It is surrounded by sea on
all sides. It has limited
access to freshwater.
That is because it has no

large rivers, no natural
springs and no glacier.
It depends on rainfall for

its fresh water demands.
Also due to its topography,
and climate, some areas
receive excessive rainfall
while some areas, receive
less. The areas which
received adequate rainfall
weren't sure about of the
purity of the collected
water. Group 3
Rachna Sansad Institute of Environmental Planning: Akansha Atre - 1
Srinivas Rao - 20
Environmental Architecture 03. Health and sanitation Kajal saxena - 24
The Issue
Also it has a
comparatively lower
area of land and
catchments.
Most of the water used to

flow to the sea.
Thus the amount of

rainwater water collected in
Singapore was quiet low.
Population of Singapore
was on a rise.
Measures were to be taken,

to meet the needs and
demands of the rising
population.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1961 Pact to draw 86
million gallon per day for 50
years.
1962 Pact to draw up to

250 million gallon from
Johor River for 99 years.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1963 Water rationing due
to draught. PUB was set up.
1965 Singapore
separates form Malaysia
and pact retained.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1971 First water
campaign, water is
precious was launched.
1972 First water master

plan to ensure adequate
water supply.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1987 Cleaning of
Singapore River successful
after 10 years.
1991 Water conservation

tax introduced.
1997 Goal of modern

sanitation for all reached.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
2000 Initiation of deep
tunnel sewerage system.
2003 Launch of two

NEWATER plants.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
2005 First desalination
plant.
2008 Marinna barrage,

Singapores 15th reservoir.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
2009 Changi water
reclamation plant, DTSS
opens.
2011 1961, 50 years,

water agreement lapses.
48 years
to another
agreement
lapse
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water sources
Singapore relies on four
water sources, called "the
four taps
1. Rainfall, collected in
artificialreservoirsthat
collect water from carefully
managed catchment areas
(200-300 million gallons

per day, depending on
rainfall)
2. Imported water
fromMalaysia
(up to 250million
imperial gallons
(1,100,000m3) per day,
according to the 99-year
agreement signed in Group
1962.3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water sources
3. Reclaimed water
( producing what is called

NEWater)
(up to 115million
imperial gallons
(520,000m3) per day,
officially only "30% of
demand".
4.
Seawaterdesalination
(up to 50million imperial

gallons (230,000m3) per
day,
officially only "10% of
demand".
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Rainfall
Two thirds of the country's
surface area is classified as
partly protected
catchment areas with
certain restrictions on land
use, so that the rainwater
can be collected and used
as drinking water.
As of 2012, surface water

was collected in 17 raw
water reservoirs.
Most of Singapore's
reservoirs are all located in
theCentral Catchment
Nature Reserve, a
protected area that has
been reforested to protect
the water resources and act
as a "green lung" Group for the3
city. Akansha Atre - 1
Srinivas Rao - 20
Imported Water
Singapore imports water
from Johor state in
Malaysia through a pipeline
that runs along a 1km
bridge, theJohor
Singapore Causeway that
also carries a road and a
railway.
As of 2009, imported water

had been reduced from
50% previously to 40%
of total consumption.
After the expiry of a 1961

water agreement between
Malaysia and Singapore in
2011, two agreements are
in force now. One was
signed in 1962 and another
one in 2000. Both Group will
3
expire in 2061. Akansha Atre - 1
Srinivas Rao - 20
Reclaimed Water
NEWater is thebrand
namegiven to ultra-pure
water that is produced
fromreclaimed water.
The effluent from the

reclamation plants is either
discharged into the sea or it
is further treated in
NEWater plants using dual-
membrane and ultraviolet
technologies.
The quality of NEWater is

monitored by, among
others, an international
panel of experts.
The quality of NEWater

exceeds WHO standards for
drinking water. Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Desalinated Water
On 13 September 2005, the
country opened its
firstdesalinationplant, Sing
Spring Desalination Plant,
inTuasat the southwestern
tip of Singapore Island.
The S$200 million plant

built and operated
byHyflux, can produce
30million imperial gallons
(140,000m3) of water each
day and meets 10% of the
country's water needs.
Together, desalinated
water from Sing Spring and
Tuaspring can meet up to
25% of Singapore's current
water needs.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Desalinated Water
On 13 September 2005, the
country opened its
firstdesalinationplant, Sing
Spring Desalination Plant,
inTuasat the southwestern
tip of Singapore Island.
The S$200 million plant

built and operated
byHyflux, can produce
30million imperial gallons
(140,000m3) of water each
day and meets 10% of the
country's water needs.
Together, desalinated
water from Sing Spring and
Tuaspring can meet up to
25% of Singapore's current
water needs.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Four Taps of Singapore
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Sanitation
Until 2010, wastewater in
Singapore was collected
through a sewer system
that included 139 pumping
stations that pumped water
to six wastewater
treatment plants.
These pumping stations

and plants are to be
gradually decommissioned
while a new system,
theDeep Tunnel
Sewerage System(DTSS),
becomes operational.
The Changi Water

Reclamation Plant, the
heart of the first phase of
the DTSS.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Storm water
The storm water drainage
system in Singapore is
completely separated from
the sewer system. It
consists of 7,000km of
public roadside drains and
about 1,000km of major
canals and waterways that
are regularly cleaned of
debris and maintained by
private companies under
performance-based
contracts with PUB.This
system has reduced the
flood-prone area from 3,200
hectares in the 1970s to
about 49 hectares today
despite increased
urbanization, which usually
would have resulted in
more floods. PUB plansGroup to 3
further reduce floodAkansha Atre - 1
prone
Srinivas Rao - 20
Environmental Architecture 03. Health and sanitation
areas to 40 hectares by- 24
Kajal saxena
The Loop
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Present scenario
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Present scenario
Group 3
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The future
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
WATERLESS
MOBILE TOILETS
Mobile toilet is a movabletoilet also called
portable toilet, used in a variety of situations, for
example-
In urban slums of developing countries, at
festivals, for camping, or on boats etc.
Types of waterless mobile toilets
Achemical toiletcollectshuman excretain

aholding tankand uses chemicals to minimize
the odors. Chemical toilets include those
onplaneandtrains.
Urine-diversion dehydration toiletsare self-
containeddry toilets, sometimes referred to as
mobile or stand-alone units. case
ofDIYversions, simple plywood box
construction.
Composting toiletis a type ofdry toiletthat
uses a predominantlyaerobicprocessing
system to treathuman excreta,
bycompostingor managed
aerobicdecomposition.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
THE NEED
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
THE NEED
665 million Indians practice open

defecation, more than half the global
total. 1,000 children younger than 5 years
die every day in India from diarrhea,
hepatitis- causing pathogens and other
sanitation-related diseases.
-The United Nations Childrens Fund
The crisis is especially acute for girls:
Many drop-out of school once they reach
puberty because of inadequate lavatories,
depriving the country of a generation of
possible leaders - UNICEF The toll on
human health, due to unhygienic
sanitation conditions is grim.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
HISTORY
The first Porta Potty was created by
George Harding in 1940 for people
who worked on boats. In the 1950's
the First Porta Potties were made out
of wood and metal. In the 1970's
fiber glass replace wood and metal
and in 1980 plastic took over.
Size :
The Porta Potty is 45.9 inches wide,
and 91.2 inches deep
Now a day Porta Potty Advantages some advantages of the
Porta Potty are, that it can be place
almost anywhere, and it is Drained,
cleaned, disinfected, and deodorized
on a regular basis
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
NEW INNOVATION
Research, Design & Development Carried
out at IDC, IIT Bombay.
THE OBJECTIVE
Design hygienic dry sanitation
system which avoids direct discharge of
excreta into the nearby water bodies or
on to the open lands.
To come up with a sanitation solution
catering specifically to the needs of rural
India with water shortages which is cost
effective, manageable, modular, (i.e.
portability, flexibility, ease of
manufacturing, deployment and
maintenance) and sustainable (derive
economic benefit by making fertilizer for
their fields).
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
NEW INNOVATION
THE DESIGN BRIEF
The hygienic dry sanitation system with

arrangement for separation of Solid Waste, Urine
& Washing Water.
Ergonomic research
The Indian squatting position for defecation was
simulated with various users to get the suitable
dimensions for the toilet pan.
Tape drawing of the plan view was done. To
define the position for defecation.
The parameters for the comfortable position
were measured and noted down.
Users were asked to sit comfortably in a
squatted position and their opinions recorded to
confirm the above to confirm the above.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
NEW INNOVATION
Separation of washing water at the
source with exclusive port in the pan
at the back.
Separate urine collection port in the

front.
Unique heel support aids in getting
up from squat position, especially for
elderly. Stainless Steel pan is
durable, unbreakable and can last
more than 20 years long useful life
Cleaning and maintaining the pan is
easier as SS resists chemicals and
removes accumulated dirt easily.
Can be scrubbed if required.
Self-closing hinged flap for fecal
discharge port to keep it closed when
not in use
Built in bidet arrangement for anal
cleaning.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Advantages
Buying or renting: If you are buying a
portable toilet then it will be cost effective
than renting if it is going to be used 355 days
a year. If you are planning an annual event
for the family and friends or with company
staff, then renting a portable toilet will be
much cheaper.
Variety: Portable toilets are available in

various varieties, right from budget to
luxurious one with full of modern facilities.
The expensive ones are stylish and luxury
framed. The more you increase your budget
the sleeker mobile toilet you will get!
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Advantages
Mobility : The main advantage of the portable
toilets is they are mobile. So, if you have an event
company or a construction business, then these
mobile toilets offer great advantage as they can be
moved from one site to another once the project is
completed. It is a boon to such industries, where
investing in a permanent one is waste of money.
They are light in weight and hence, they are easy
to move from one place to another.
Long lasting and durable: These mobile

toilets are long lasting and durable if treated in a
proper way. They can be used over a long period of
time with a onetime investment.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Disadvantages
Storing: If you are not renting and owning the

portable toilet then, when not in use storing of
these boxes is a big downside.
Cleaning: If you own portable toilets then it is

necessary to get them cleaned after use. Proper
knowledge about the cleaning process should be
taken from the retailer from where you buy the
mobile toilet so as to maintain healthy hygiene of
the users.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
World Health organization
Health systems WHO began when Constitution came
into force on 7 April 1948 a date
Promoting health through which is now celebrated every year as
the life-course World Health Day. More than 7000
people working in 150 country offices,
Non-communicable in 6 regional offices and at
diseases
headquarters in Geneva.
Communicable diseases WHO monitor the global burden of

disease related to sanitation, measure
levels of access and analyzes factors
Corporate services
that enable or hinder progress;
promote effective risk assessment and
Preparedness, surveillance management practices for sanitation
and response
through normative guidelines and
Main areas of work tools; and collaborate with partners to
strengthen sanitation in other health
initiatives.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Aim
WHO contributes by To address the underlying social and

providing following : economic determinants of health
through policies and programs that
Health
enhance health equity and integrate
Regulations
pro-poor, gender-responsive, and
Policies human rights-based approaches
To promote a healthier environment,
Guidlines intensify primary prevention and
influence public policies in all sectors so
Publication
as to address the root causes of
environmental threats to health
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
POLICY BRIEFS
The 9th Global Conference on Health Building healthy cities and

Promotion (9GCHP) will be held on 21- improving urban health and
24 November 2016 and is being co- supporting healthy cities and
organized by WHO and the National communities
Health and Family Planning
Promoting action across sectors and
Commission (NHFPC) of the People's
strengthening good governance for
Republic of China. health
Goal
To highlight the critical links between
promoting health and the 2030 Promoting action across sectors and
Agenda for Sustainable Development. strengthening good governance for
health
There are 4 themes at the 2016

conference and policy briefs on each Promoting health literacy
theme made by W.H.O :
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
POLICY ONE
Building healthy cities and improving urban health and

supporting healthy cities and communities
Globally, more people live in urban

areas than in rural settings. In urban
slums and smaller informal
settlements, overcrowding and lack of
access to safe water and sanitation
contribute to the spread of infectious
diseases such as tuberculosis (TB)
A healthy cities approach which

catalyzes political leadership and
participatory governance can be
transformational for health and health
Healthy cities and the SDGS equity, as well as help mitigate the
impacts of environmental degradation,
climate change, ageing, migration,
growing inequalities and social
isolation Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
POLICY TWO
Promoting action across sectors and strengthening good

governance for health
This approach is based on the rationale
that health is determined by multiple
factors outside the direct control of the
health sector e.g. education, income,
and an individual living conditions and
that decisions made in other sectors
can affect health of individuals and
shape patterns of disease distribution
and mortality
Health gains, as well as the realization

of health as a fundamental human
right and health equity, require that
policy making in other sectors
routinely consider health outcomes,
Action across sectors and the SDGSincluding benefits, harms, and health
related-costs
Group 3
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POLICY THREE
Harnessing social mobilization
Encourage and promote effective

public, public-private and civil society
partnerships, building on the
experience and resourcing strategies
of partnerships
The potential to harness the growing

power of social mobilization for health
promotion is tremendous, and much
has been written about the role of civil
society to advance health and well-
being. Because health touches the
lives of everyone, everywhere, and
since health inequities stem from and
contribute to other inequities,
Social mobilization and the SDGs integrating health promotion into
various efforts for change can push the
SDGs forward Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
POLICY FOUR
Promoting health literacy
Health literacy refers, broadly, to the

ability of individuals to gain access to,
understand and use information in
ways which promote and maintain good
health
Health literacy means more than simply

being able to "read pamphlets", "make
appointments", "understand food
labels" or "comply with prescribed
actions" from a doctor
This understanding, in part, fuels the

growing calls to ensure that health
literacy not be framed as the sole
responsibility of individuals, but that
omoting health literacy and the SDGs equal attention be given to ensure that
governments and health systems
present clear, accurate, appropriate
Group 3
Rachna Sansad Institute of and accessible
Environmental Planning:information for diverse
Akansha Atre - 1
audiences.
Environmental Architecture 03. Health and sanitation Srinivas Rao - 20
Kajal saxena - 24
Publications on water, sanitation and
health:
Each 2016 marksWorld health day and other observances
year, the organization
focusing on a specificHealth promotion topic. World Health Day falls on 7 April
each year. Recent themes have been
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
FACTS AND
FIGURE
2014 facts by WHO and WORLD BANK
Group 3
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FACTS AND
FIGURE
2014 facts by WHO and WORLD BANK
ACHIVEMENTS
In 2015, 68% of the worlds
population had access to improved
sanitation facilities, compared with
54% in 1990.
Nearly one third of the current

global population has gained
access to an improved sanitation
facility since 1990, a total of 2.1
billion people
The proportion of people practising

open defecation globally has fallen
almost by half, from 24%to 13%.

Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
WORLD BANK GROUP
International Bank for

Reconstruction and
Development(IBRD) TheWorld Bank Group(WBG) is a
family of fiveinternational
International Development organizations that make leveraged
Association(IDA) loans to developing countries. It is
the largest and most famous
International Finance development bank in the world and
Corporation(IFC) is an observer at theGroup. The
WBG came into formal existence on
Multilateral Investment 27 December 1945 following
Guarantee Agency(MIGA) international ratification of
theBretton Woodsagreements,
International Centre for which emerged from theUnited
Settlement of Investment Nations Monetary and Financial
Disputes(ICSID) Conference
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
WORLD BANK GROUP
They provide low-interest
loans, zero to low-interest
credits, and grants to
developing countries. These
support a wide array of
investments in such areas
as education, health, public
administration,
infrastructure, financial and
private sector development,
agriculture, and
environmental and natural
resource management.
Some of projects are co-
604 projects are worked in corporation of World financed with governments,
Bank in different sectors, and in total 173 other multilateral
countries are associated with World Bank institutions, commercial
banks, export credit
agencies, and private sector
investors.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
The WBGs strategy is based on
the following guiding principles
Strategy and Policies
World Banks water global practice
Ensuring that delivery of water
services is done within the
context of sustainable water
resources management. The World Banks Water Global
Ensuring poor people are Practice (GP) was established in
included. 2014 to confront the
complexities of the
21stcentury. Based on the
Deliver Cutting-Edge Knowledge notion that water security
should be everyones business,
the GP decided to move beyond
Securing sustainable financing for
the Water sector the traditional lens to
embraceWater Writ Large,
linking improved water
Building global partnerships for
management and the services it
water
delivers as an input to achieving
the SDGs in other sectors.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Strategy and Policies
The Water and Sanitation Program
WSP's Business Plan for fiscal years 11-
16 focuses on six strategic areas The Water and Sanitation Program
(WSP) is a multi-donor partnership,
Scaling up rural sanitation and part of theWorld Bank Group's
hygiene
Water Global Practice, supporting
Creating sustainable services poor people in obtaining affordable,
through domestic private
safe, and sustainable access to
sector participation
water and sanitation services.The
Supporting poor-inclusive
Program began in 1978 as a
sector reform
cooperative effort between The
Targeting the urban poor and
World Bank and theUnited Nations
improving services in small
towns Development Program to look at
Mitigating and adapting cost-effective technologies and
service delivery to climate models for providing safe water and
change impacts sanitation to the world's poor.
Delivering services in fragile They work directly with client
states governments at the local and
national level in 25 countries
through regional offices Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Facts and figure
From FY13 to FY15

World Bank Group
commitments to
developing countries
towards water and
sanitation solutions
contributed to42
million
peopleaccessing
improved water
sources
and17million
peopleaccessing
improved sanitation.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Bill and Melinda gates foundatio
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundationor

theGates Foundation, abbreviated as
Health BMGF) is the largestprivate
foundationin the world, founded byBill
andMelinda Gates. It was launched in
FINANCIAL SERVICES 2000 and is said to be the largest
FOR THE POOR transparently operated private
foundation in the world
SANITATION The primary aims of the foundation

are, globally, to enhance healthcare
and reduce extreme poverty, and in
Corporate America, to expand educational
servicesAGRICULTURA opportunities and access to
L DEVELOPMENT
information technology
In India they focus on four major points

that have the potential to transform
the prospects for Indias
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Bill and Melinda gates foundation
In many states across India, the

foundation is proud to partner with
governments to tackle critical
challenges that affect millions of
Indians. health-related efforts, for
example, include maternal and child
health, nutrition, vaccines and routine
immunization, family planning, and
control of select infectious diseases.
The scope and scale of the work we

have been doing in India since 2003,
and its genuine potential to have a
positive impact, quite inspiring, three
initiatives that are having the desired
effect: primary healthcare services for
women and young children,
tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment,
and sanitation Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Bill and Melinda gates foundation
Facts and figure
In the Mehsana
district of Gujarat,
where they have
partnered with the
government on this
initiative, fully 85%
of privately treated
TB patients have
become part of the
new system
The proportion of
TB cases notified as
against the
estimated
incidence of TB has
stayed low over the
years sometimes
even less than
50%.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
References
https://www.pub.gov.sg/
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/overview
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2016-
publications/en/
http://www.who.int/about/en/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs392/en/
http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/9gchp/policy-briefs/en/
http://www.worldbank.org/water
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/overview#3
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Where-We-Work/India-Office#Sanitation
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/search#q/k=india
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20

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Health and sanitation

That is because it has no

It depends on rainfall for

Most of the water used to

Thus the amount of

Measures were to be taken,

1962 Pact to draw up to

1972 First water master

1991 Water conservation

1997 Goal of modern

2003 Launch of two

2008 Marinna barrage,

2011 1961, 50 years,

(200-300 million gallons

( producing what is called

(up to 50million imperial

As of 2012, surface water

As of 2009, imported water

After the expiry of a 1961

The effluent from the

The quality of NEWater is

The quality of NEWater

The S$200 million plant

The S$200 million plant

These pumping stations

The Changi Water

Achemical toiletcollectshuman excretain

665 million Indians practice open

The hygienic dry sanitation system with

Separate urine collection port in the

Variety: Portable toilets are available in

Long lasting and durable: These mobile

Storing: If you are not renting and owning the

Cleaning: If you own portable toilets then it is

Communicable diseases WHO monitor the global burden of

WHO contributes by To address the underlying social and

The 9th Global Conference on Health Building healthy cities and

There are 4 themes at the 2016

Building healthy cities and improving urban health and

Globally, more people live in urban

A healthy cities approach which

Promoting action across sectors and strengthening good

Health gains, as well as the realization

Harnessing social mobilization

Encourage and promote effective

The potential to harness the growing

Health literacy refers, broadly, to the

Health literacy means more than simply

This understanding, in part, fuels the

Nearly one third of the current

The proportion of people practising

International Bank for

From FY13 to FY15

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundationor

SANITATION The primary aims of the foundation

In India they focus on four major points

In many states across India, the

The scope and scale of the work we

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