3.

STYLIZATION, MOCKING,
AND STEREOTYPING
 MOCKING

Adroutsopoulos
crossing patterns: from the community of origin (the street) media back to the street
Out-group mocking: when the members of a majority group immitate a style of speaking of a minority
groups
Example: the whites use Creole in conversations with fellow whites, they oftendo it with a parodistic and
mocking stance and sometimes for the racist purpose
the Indian or Pakistani descent use stylized Asian English parodically
In-group mocking: is incorporated by the children of immigrants
Example: the sons and daughters mimicking the non-native accent of their immigrant parents
a conversation between a mother of Turkish descent and the mother that stylize the Germans
way of speaking of the first generation
Bakhtin:
Bakthin views that ist important to disctint between uni- and vari-directional
double voicing-in dealing with crossing
uni-directional double voicing:
the voice of other is integrated into the own speakers own voice
vary-directional double voicing:
the voice and speaker are clearly separated
Example: irony, parody, and joking
 STEREOTYPE STYLIZATION

When the majority group stylize the way of speaking from the minority group based on stereotype from media
Example:
(1) stylized Trken-deutsch (Turkish German) from movies, TV and radio
these stereotype stylizations are well known among German adolescents and that fragments of the
stylized voices are often quoted and imitated
(2) the speech style of the characters in the Mujaffa game in Denmark (a stereotype character of young male
immigrants created by the media)
Example: in the Mujaffa game the Mujaffa character repeats the same phrase wolla, min faetter (vallah, my
cousin) as the swear words
meaning: Vallah is derived from Arabic and Turkish
cousin is used as a cover-term for all family members and apparently Mujaffa always runs into his
cousins
also as the good illustration of the life-circle of crossing which Andoutsopoulos describes
Effect: adolescents who are not familiar with the speech of young and third generation immigrants in Denmark
pick up this phrase and quote and employ it in their conversations the third stage of life-circle
 The stylized variety Mujaffa speaks can be called mock immigrant Danish
Mock Spanish: when the Anglo-Americans involve little pieces of Spanish (e.g
adios, hasta la vista, manana) in the real conversation or in the movies which
it usually used jokingly
( it can be also found on the post cards, bumper stickers, mugs, etc.)
effect: through the Mock Spanish the Spanish-speaking population is
potrayed with the gross sexual appetites, political corrution, laziness,
disorders of language and mental incapacity
 THE DEBATES

Hills argues that such uses of Spanish in the USA are part of an elite racist
discourse
The speakers of Mock Spanish:
(1) it is a form of appreciation to Spanish language and culture
(2) speaker signal that they possess desirable qualities: a sense of
humour, a playful skill with a foreign culture, authentic regional roots, an
easy-going attitutude toward life
The creator of Mujaffa :
(1) they are promoting the inclusion of young immigrant males in the media
representations of society through their friendly comic potrayal
(2) as a part of the process of integrating foreigners into Danish society
 4. CROSSING AND PEER NETWORKS

Rampton :
organized games involve an agreed relaxation of the rules and constrainst
of ordinary behaviour
Gaming is a situation that is likely to trigger language crossing
Quist analyzes instances of crossing in conversations recorded during a game
called Matador game
In the two examples from next slide, ritual and liminality are relevant
analytic notions in the description of the situations in which crossing occurs
 THE
EXAMPLES
 Quinst:
the roles and positions of the speakers in the local peer network are crucial
for:
(1) Who is allowed to do crossing
(2) How crossing is interpreted and accepted by the peers
 EXTRACT 1
From linguistic features:
The crossing into multiethnic style and of the
intensifier walah and phrase jeg svaerger
From interaction point of view:
The example of mocking
Phillip (example 1) : a Danish hang out
mostly with other Danish boys
The different group affiliation are crucial for a
proper understanding of the instances of
crossing in the examples
Phillip imitate Aminas way of speaking as a
Danish immigrant with the purpose of
mocking (to sound exaggerated foreign)
It invokes associations of foreigner who peak
a non-native variety of Danish.
Effect: positioning Amina as a foreigner, i.e.
in a stigmatized position different from
Phillips and Olavs
EXTRACT 2
From linguistic features:
similar
The example of non-parody crossing (the different between uni- and
vari-directional double-voicing)
The different meaning of crossing relate to the positions of the
speakers in the peer-network
Johan (example 2) : a Danish hang out with boys from ethnic minority
background
An example of uni--directional double-voicing :
Johan as a Danish uses multiethnic style features to get this way
during another disagreement during the game.
Johan means not to make a fun of the others
Johan doesnt position himself as AliS ally as a guy from a minority
background , but only exploits the toughness asscociated with the
minority male youth culture to gain the upper hand in the discussion.
Johans position:
Johan is allowed to use stylezed assscoiated with Ali as part of his own
voice, because J position in the peer group ( J friend have mostly
minority background )