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Holography
Laser Light
Coherent
All the emitted photons bear a constant phase
relationship with each other in both time and phase
Directional
A very tight beam which is very strong and
concentrated.
Basic concepts for a laser
Absorption
Spontaneous Emission
Stimulated Emission
Population inversion
Absorption
E2
E1
E2 E1 h
P ' 21 A21
where the proportionality constant A21 is known as the Einsteins
coefficient of spontaneous emission of radiation.
Stimulated Emission
Stimulated Emission
h E E2 E1
E1 E1 E1
Absorption,spontaneous(randomphoton)emissionandstimulated
emission.
1999S.O.Kasap,Optoelectronics (PrenticeHall)
Stimulated emission leads to a chain reaction
and laser emission
If a medium has many excited molecules, one photon can become many.
Excited medium
P "
21 B21u (v)
where the proportionality constant B21 is known as the Einsteins
coefficient of stimulated emission of radiation.
Thus the total probability of emission transition from the upper level
2 to the lower level 1 is
P21 P 21 P ' "
21
N1 P12 N 2 P21
N1 B12u ( ) N 2 [ A21 B21u ( )]
N 2 A21
u ( )
N1 B12 N 2 B21
But Einstein proved thermodynamically that probability of
(stimulated) absorption is equal to the probability of stimulated
emission, So
B12 B21
N 2 A21
u ( )
N1 B21 N 2 B21
A21 1
u ( )
B21 ( N1 / N 2 1)
According to Boltzmanns law, the distribution of electrons among
the energy states E1 and E2 at the thermal equilibrium at
temperature T is given by
N1 e E1 / kT
E2 / kT e ( E2 E1 ) / kT
N2 e
N1
e h / kT
N2
A21 1
u ( ) (1)
B21 e h / kT 1
Plancks radiation formula gives the energy density of radiation u(v)
as
8h 3 1
u ( ) (2)
c 3 e h / kT 1
from equation (1) and (2)
A21 8h 3
B21 c3
If N1 > N2
radiation is mostly absorbed
spontaneous radiation dominates.
if N2 >> N1 - population inversion
most electrons occupy level E2, weak absorption
light is amplified
Necessary condition:
population inversion
Population Inversion
This situation in which the number of electrons in the higher state
exceed that in the lower state (N2 > N1) is known as population
inversion.
Pumping
The process of moving the electrons from their ground state to an
excited state is called pumping. The objective is to obtain a non-
thermal equilibrium.
Optical Electrical
Pumping Pumping
Optical Pumping
Electrical Pumping
Energy
20.61 eV Metastable state 20.66 eV
Transfer
6328 6328
6328
Electron
Impact 18.70 eV c
Spontaneous
Emission
c
Radiation-less
Transition
Ground
He State Ne
Ruby Laser
Solid State Laser
Three Level Laser
Pulsed Laser
Operation duration is only of few hours
He-Ne Laser
Gas Laser
Four Level Laser
Continuous Laser
Operation duration is of ~ 10,000 hours
Ruby Laser
Optical Pumping
Coolent required
High Power of 10 kW
He-Ne Laser
Electrical pumping
Coolent not required
Low Power of about 0.5 5 mW
Diode Laser
PN-junction Laser: A semiconductor laser is a specially fabricated pn
junction device (both the p and n regions are highly doped) which emits
coherent light when it is forward biased. It is made from Gallium
Arsenide (GaAs) which operated at low temperature and emits light in
near IR region. Now the semiconductor lasers are also made to emit
light almost in the spectrum from UV to IR using different semiconductor
materials. They are of very small size (0.1 mm long), efficient, portable
and operate at low power. These are widely used in Optical fibre
communications, in CD players, CD-ROM Drives, optical reading, laser
printing etc.
p and n regions are made from same semiconductor material (GaAs). A
p type region is formed on the n type by doping zinc atoms. The diode
chip is about 500 micrometer long and 100 micrometer wide and thick.
the top and bottom faces has metal contacts to pass the current. the
front and rare faces are polished to constitute the resonator
Diagram of Diode Laser
Working of Diode Laser
When high doped p and n regions are joined at the atomic level to form
pn-junction, the equilibrium is attained only when the equalization of
fermi level takes place in this case the fermi level is pushed inside the
conduction band in n type and the level pushed inside the valence
band in the p type .
Energy level diagram of Diode Laser
When the junction is forward biased, at low voltage the electron and
hole recombine and cause spontaneous emission. But when the
forward voltage reaches a threshold value the carrier concentration
rises to very high value. As a result the region "d" contains large
number of electrons in the conduction band and at the same time large
number of holes in the valence band. Thus the upper energy level has
large number of electrons and the lower energy level has large number
of vacancy, thus population inversion is achieved. The recombination of
electron and hole leads to spontaneous emission and it stimulate the
others to emit radiation. Ga As produces laser light of 9000 in IR
region.
Applications of Laser
Laser beams are very intense so are used for
welding, cutting of materials.
Lasers are used for eye surgery, treatment of
dental decay and skin diseases.
Lasers are used for barcode scanners in library
and in super markets.
Laser is used in printers (Laser printers).
Lasers are used for Nuclear Fusion.
Laser are used in CD/DVD Player
Laser is used in Holography.
Laser torch are used to see long distant
objects.
Holography
Holography is the production of three-dimensional images of
objects. It is also called photography of wavefront reconstruction.
The laser (1960s) met the requirement of coherent light needed for
making holographic images.
Holography
In Holography both the amplitude and phase
components of light wave are recorded on a light
sensitive medium such as a photographic plate.
Reference
Beam
Incident
Laser
Object
Beam
Object Beam
Photographic
Plate
(Hologram)
Reconstruction of Hologram
Laser
Beam
Hologram