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Geology and
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Formation Evaluation
Jack Horkowitz
Petrophysics Domain Advisor
Drilling & Measurements
Outline
Introduction to Petroleum
Rocks
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Petroleum Systems (Elements & Processes)
Drilling Process and the Wellbore
Logging and Why We Log
Reservoir Heterogeneities and Applications
Petroleum
Explorations Challenge
Interpreting the Unseen
Surface Geology
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- Aerial photos
- Geologic maps
Subsurface Analysis
- Gravity
- Magnetics
- Seismic
- Well logging
Silicon Graphics
The Goal - Black Gold
Petroleum Supplies our Energy Needs
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North Texas Southwest Texas
What is Petroleum?
Petroleum:
a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath
the earths surface
Hydrocarbon:
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an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Petroleum Products
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:
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Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallons
Detergents - Cosmetics
Fertilizers - Weed Killers
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Medicine - Antiseptics - Anesthetics
Plastics - Synthetic Fibers
Synthetic Rubber
Rust Preventatives
Liquid Petroleum Gas
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First Drilling: Chinese using bamboo: to 800 in 347 AD
Americans using cable tool: to 70 in 1859 AD
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Crust
10 miles
plastic
liquid
solid
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Rock-forming Source of
Recrystallization due to
process
Magma
Co
ng S o o lin g
i ( C r li d i
ys fic a
t
el
t al a t
nd
M
iz a
i o n)
n
t io
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Metamorphic Heat and Pressure Igneous
Rock We Rock
ath
eri
rphism)
And Dep
Transp
n
an g, Tr
ure
And
Wea
d D an
ep spo
Press
osi
tion rtatio
tamo
Heat
t
o
h
n,
r
o
e
t a
s
ri
t
ition
ng,
ion
e
Weathering,
(M
Transportation
Sedimentary and Deposition
Rock Sediment
C em
en ta tio n a nd
C o m pa c t i o n
(L ithifica tio n)
Sedimentary Rocks
Most important for the oil industry as they contain
most reservoirs, seals and source rocks
Two primary categories of sedimentary rocks
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Migration Route
Trap
Processes
Hydrocarbon Generation
Migration
Accumulation
Preservation
Timing
Petroleum System
Petroleum SystemElements
Elements
Anticlinal Trap
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Top Seal Rock
(Impermeable)
Reservoir Rock
(Porous/Permeable)
Potential
Migration Route
Source Rock
(Organic Rich)
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Petroleum System Elements
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Porosity space between rock grains in which oil accumulates
Permeability passage-ways between pores through with fluids
move
Seal Rock rock through which oil and gas can not move
effectively (such as mudstone or claystone)
Migration Route avenues in the rock through which oil
and gas moves from source rock to trap
Trap structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses
oil and gas into an accumulation
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Basic Rock Properties
Porosity
Permeability
Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum
Porosity
VP
VB
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Pore-Filling Cement Reduces Porosity
Quartz grain
Calcite cement
Porosity and Grain Size
A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains but
have the same porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing and sorting, not grain size
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Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the ease at which a
fluid can flow through a rock
a rock must have porosity to have permeability
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The rate of flow of a liquid through a rock depends
on
pressure drop
viscosity of the fluid
intrinsic permeability of the matrix (rock)
unit of measurement is the Darcy
Permeability
Controlled by size and connectivity of pore throats
Pore
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Throat Pores Provide the
Volume to Contain
Hydrocarbon Fluids
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Anticline
Fault
Salt Dome
Pinchout
Unconformit
y
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Hydrocarbon-formation_to_entrapment.s wf
Seismic Imaging
Vibrator Truck
Recording Truck (Energy Source)
Geophone
(Receivers)
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Returning
Sound Waves
1000
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Milliseconds
2000
3000
1 km
Structural Hydrocarbon Trap Anticline
(Dome)
Gas
Oil
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r
ate
W
Sandstone
Shale
Structural Hydrocarbon Traps
Gas
Shale Oil Oil/Gas Closure
Trap
Contact
Se
al Oil/Water
Contact
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Oil
Fractured Basement Fold Trap
Oil / Gas
Salt Sand
Diapir Oil Shale
Fault Trap
Salt Dome (modified from Bjorlykke, 1989)
Stratigraphic Hydrocarbon Traps
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Uncomformity Oil/Gas
Oil/Gas
Pinch out
Unconformity
Oil/Gas
Gas
Cap
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Accumulation Oil
Entrapment Water Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Migration
120 F
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Rig
Mud
Mud Hose
Hose Traveling
Traveling Block
Block
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Kelly
Kelly Hook
Hook
Rotary
Rotary Table
Table
Mud
Mud Pump
Pump Swivel
Swivel
Draw
Draw Works
Works
Casing
Casing
Casing
Drill Pipe
Drill
Drill Pipe
Pipe
Bit Bit
Bit
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Drilling
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Rock Bit Cuttings Core (Diamond) Bit Core
Types of Wells
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Drilling Mud Mud System
Drilling Mud
Lubrication of drillstring
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Cool bit
Carry cuttings to surface
Pressure control
Build mudcake to stabilize formations
Optimize drilling rate (ROP)
Borehole Environment
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Oil base mud
Sensors
+
Electronics
Varying composition and
Formation water
to be
Measured Air, Foam, Formate,
Additives (barite, KCl, LCM,
)
Borehole
Fluid Mud composition and
borehole temperature
impacts logs
Must be corrected for