EET301 2013 Chapter 3 (Part 1)

CHAPTER 3
Transmission Line
(Line Parameters)
1
3. 0 Transmission Line
Introduction
An electrical power transmission line can be modeled as
series resistance, series inductance, shunt capacitance, and
shunt conductance.
A wire or combination of wires that are not insulated from
one another is called conductor.
Stranded conductor is composed of a group of wires,
usually twisted or braided together.
An overhead transmission line consists of conductors,
insulators, support structures and shield wires.
2
3.1 Conductors
Types of Conductors
In early days of the transmission line of electric power
conductor were usually copper, but aluminum conductors
have completely replaced copper for overhead lines
because of its advantages
Reason of Using Aluminum Conductor
1. The relative low cost compare to copper conductor.
2. High strength-to-weight ratio as compared to copper.
3. Aluminum is abundant supply while copper is limited in
quantity.
3
3.0 Conductor
Types of Overhead Conductors
Symbols identifying different types of aluminum overhead
conductors are as follows:
AAC All-aluminum conductors
AAAC All-aluminum-alloy conductors
ACSR Aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced
ACAR Aluminum conductor, alloy-reinforced
Expanded ACSR Filler (paper) separating inner steel
strand from the outer aluminum strands. Normally used
for EHV lines.
4
3.0 Conductor
Types of Overhead Conductors
Aluminum-alloy conductors have higher tensile strength
than the ordinary electric-conductor grade of aluminum.
ACSR (Aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced) consist of a central
core of steel strands surrounded by layers of aluminum strands.
ACAR (Aluminum conductor, alloy-reinforced) consist of a central
core of higher-strength aluminum surrounded by layers of aluminum
strands.
Cross section of steel-reinforced conductor, 7 steel

strands, and aluminum strands or simply 24/7
5
3.1 Line Resistance
DC Resistance
The resistance of the conductor is very important in
transmission line evaluation and economic studies. The dc
resistance of a solid round conductor at specific temperature
is given by
T l
RDC
A
Where T = conductor resistivity at temperature T
l = conductor length
A = conductor cross-sectional area
6
3.1 Line Resistance
DC Resistance
Conductor resistance depends on the following factors:
1) Spiraling
2) Temperature
3) Frequency (skin effect)
4) Current magnitude
7
3.1 Line Resistance
Two set of units commonly used for calculating resistance,
SI and English units
Quantity Symbol SI Units English Units
Resistivity m - cmil/ft
Length l m ft
Cross-sectional A m2 cmil
Area
DC resistance RDC=l/A
Comparison of SI and English units for calculating

conductor resistance
8
3.1 Line Resistance
Table 3.1
9
3.1 Line Resistance
In English units, conductor cross-sectional area is expressed in circular
mils (cmil).
A circular mil (cmil) is a unit of area, equal to the area of a circle with a
diameter of one mil.
The area in circular mils, A, of a circle with a diameter of d mils, is
given by:
Ad 2
1 circular mil (1 cmil) is equal to /4

square mils, or /4,000,000 square inches
1 mil = 10-3 inch = 2.54 x 10-3 cm
10
3.1 Line Resistance
Example: Prove that 1kcmil = 0.05067 mm2
A d2
1000 cmil d 2
d 1000 31.6227 mil
Note:
1 circular mil (1 cmil) is equal to /4 square mils, or /4,000,000 square inches
1 mil = 10-3 inch = 2.54 x 10-3 cm
31.6227 mil 31.6227 x 2.54 x10 3 cm
d 0.08032 cm

A (0.08032) 2 cm 2 5.067 x10 3 cm 2
4
0.05067 mm 2
11
3.1 Line Resistance
Temperature Effects
Increased resistance at conductor temperature rises
T2 T Where:
T 2 T 1 T2 = conductor resistance at T2
T1 T T1 = conductor resistance at T1
or T1,T2 = temperature in C
T = temperature constant
Tnew T
new old = 234.5 for annealed copper
Told T = 241.0 for hard drawn copper
12 = 28.0 for hard drawn aluminum

3.1 Line Resistance
Example
Table A.3 lists a 4/0 copper conductor with 12 strands.
Strand diameter is 0.3373 cm. For this conductor:
a) Verify the total copper cross sectional area of 107.2mm2
(211,600 cmil in the table)
b) Verify the dc resistance at 50C of 0.1876 /km or 0.302
/mi. Assume a 2% increase in resistance due to spiraling.
c) From Table A.3, determine the percent increase in resistance
at 60 Hz versus dc.
13
TABLE A.3
14
3.1 Line Resistance
Solution
a)The strand diameter is d = 0.3373 cm x 10
mm/cm = 3.373 mm and the strand area is
12d 2
3 3.733 107.2 mm 2
2
A
4
Which agrees with the value given in Table
A.3
b)Using hard drawn copper data from Table
50 241.5
3.1 50C 1.77 10 8 8
1.973 10 m
20 241.5
15
3.1 Line Resistance
The dc resistance at 50 C for a conductor
length 1 km is
Rdc ,50C
1.973 10 10
8 3
1.02
0.1877 / km
6
107.2 10
Which agrees with the value given in Table

A.3
R60 Hz ,50C 0.1883
1.003
c) From Table A.3,
Rdc ,50C 0.1877
R60 Hz , 25C 0.1727

1.007
Rdc , 25C 0.1715
16
17
3.1 Line Resistance
AC Resistance
For dc, the current distribution is uniform throughout the
conductor cross section.
However, for ac, the current distribution is nonuniform.
As frequency increases, the current in a solid cylindrical
conductor tends to crowd toward the conductor surface, with
smaller current density at the conductor center.
This phenomenon is called skin effect.
The ac resistance or effective resistance of a conductor is
Ploss
Rac 2
I
18
3.2 Inductance of a Single Conductor
Introduction
The inductance of a magnetic circuit that has a constant
permeability can be obtained by determining the
following:
1. Magnetic field intensity H, from Amperes Law
2. Magnetic flux density B ( B= H)
3. Flux linkages
4. Inductance from flux linkages per ampere ( L= /I )
n

B da H da
i
L i 1
(3.2.1)
I I I I
19
A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field

around the conductor.
Definition
For non-magnetic material, the inductance L is the ratio of
its total magnetic flux linkage ( ), to the current (I)
Where:
L = flux linkages (Wb-turns)
I I = current (A)
(3.2.2)
20
Consider a long round conductor with radius (r), carrying
a current (I)
General:
The magnetic field intensity Hx, around a circle of radius
x, is constant and tangent to the circle.
The Amperes law relating Hx to current
Ix is given as
2 x
IX

0
H X dl I X H X
2x
(H/m)
(3.2.3)
Flux linkage of a long round conductor
21
3.2 Internal Inductance
Points inside of the conductor (x < r)
Assuming uniform current density throughout the
conductor cross section I Ix

r 2 x 2 (3.2.4)
Substituting Ix in (3.2.3)
I
Hx x
2r 2
(3.2.5)
For a nonmagnetic conductor with constant permeability
0= 4x10-7 H/m, the magnetic flux density is given by
Bx=0Hx, or
0 I
Bx x (Wb/m 2
) (3.2.6)
2 r 2
22
Points inside of the conductor (x < r) (cont.)
The differential flux d for a small region of thickness dx
and one meter length of conductor is
0 I
d x B x dx 1 x dx (Wb/m)
2r 2
(3.2.7)
The flux d links only the fraction of the conductor from

the centre to radius x. The flux linkages d per meter of
length,
x2 I
d X ( 2 )d X 0 4 x 3 dx (Wb - turns/m)
r 2 r (3.2.8)
23
Points inside of the conductor (x < r) (cont.)
The total flux linkage is found by integrating d X from 0 to
r
0 I r
int dx
3
x
2r 4 0
0 I
(Wb/m)
8 (3.2.9)
The inductance due to internal flux linkage

0 I 1
Lint x10 7 (H/m)
8 2 (3.2.10)
24
3.3 Inductance Due to External Flux Linkage
Points outside of the conductor (x > r)
Consider Hx external to the conductor at radius x > r as
shown in figure below, since the circle at radius x encloses
the entire current, Ix = I and in (3.2.3) Ix is replaced by I
and the flux density at radius x becomes
0 I
BX 0 H X
2x (3.2.11)
25
Points outside of the conductor (x > r) (cont.)
Since the entire current I is linked by the flux outside the
conductor, the flux linkage dx is numerically equal to the flux
dx. The differential flux dx for small region of thickness dx
and one meter length of the conductor is given by
0 I
d X d X B X dx 1 dx (3.2.12)
2 x
The external flux linkage between two points D1 and D2 is found

by integrating dx from D1 to D2.
0 I D 2 1 D2
ext
7
dx 2 x 10 I In (Wb/m)
2 D1 x D1 (3.2.13)
26
Points outside of the conductor (x > r) (cont.)
The inductance between two points external to a conductor
7 D2
Lext 2 x 10 In (H/m)
D1 (3.2.14)
27
3.4 Inductance of a Single-Phase Lines
Assume one meter length of a single-phase line consisting

of two solid round conductors of radius r1 and r2. The two
conductors separated by a distance D.
Conductor 1 carries the phasor current I1 referenced into
the page and conductor 2 return current I2 = -I1.
These currents set up magnetic field lines that link
between the conductor.
Single-phase two-wire line
28
Total inductance of conductor 1,

L1=L1(int)+L1(ext)
7 D
L1( ext ) 2 x 10 In (H/m)
r1
7 7 D
L1 L1(int) L1( ext ) 0.5 x10 2 x 10 In
r1
7 1 D
L1 2 x 10 ( In ) (H/m)
4 r1
1
7 1 D
2 x 10 ( Ine In In )
4
r1 1
7 1 D
2 x 10 ( In 1
In ) (3.4.1)
1
29
r1e 4
1

Let r1' r1e 4
0.7788r1
The total inductance of conductor 1 becomes
17 7 D
L1 2 x 10 In 2 x10 In (H/m) (3.4.2)
r'1 1
Similarly the total inductance of conductor 2
1 D
L2 2 x 10 7 In 2 x10 7 In (H/m) (3.4.3)
r'2 1
If the two conductor are identical r1=r2=r and L1=L2=L,
the inductance per conductor per meter length
1 D
L 2 x 10 7 In 2 x10 7 In (H/m)
r' 1 (3.4.4)
30
The term r is known mathematically as self-geometric

mean distance of a circle with radius r is abbreviated as
GMR.
GMR is commonly referred to as geometric mean radius
and designated as Ds
1

r ' r e 4
DS (3.4.5)
The inductance per conductor in milihenries per
kilometers becomes
D
L 0.2 In mH/km
DS (3.4.6)
31
3.5 Inductance of Composite Conductors
Single-phase Line With 2 Composite Conductor x and y
Conductor x consist of n identical

strand or subconductor, each with
radius rx
Conductor y consist of m identical
strand or subconductor, each with
Single phase line
radius ry
with two
composite
conductor
Assumed current to be equally divided among the
subconductors. The current per strand is I/n in x and I/m in
y
32
Flux Linkage of Conductor a
Daa ' Dab' Dac ' .... Dam
m

a 2 x10 I In
7

n r ' D D ..... D
x ab ac an

(3.5.1)
Inductance of Subconductor a
a 7
m D D D .... D
La 2nx10 In aa ' ab ' ac ' am
I n r ' D D ..... D
n x ab ac an (3.5.2)
Inductance of Subconductor n
n 7
m D
na ' Dnb ' Dnc ' .... Dnm

Ln 2nx10 In
I n r ' D D ..... D
n x na nb nc (3.5.3)
33
Average Inductance Of any one Subconductor in Group x
La Lb Lc ....... Ln
Lav
n
Due to all the subconductors of x in parallel, Inductance x
Lav La Lb Lc ....... Ln
Lx
n n2
Final Lx by substituting La, Lb, Lc ,., Ln into above
equation
7 GMD
Lx 2 x10 In H/meter
GMR (3.5.4)
x
34
Geometric Mean Distance (GMD)
The mnth root of the product of the mnth distances
between n strands of conductor x and m strand conductor
y.
Geometric Mean Radius (GMRx) (3.5.5)

The n2 root of the product of the n2 terms consisting of r
of every strand times the distance from each strand to all
other strands within group x.
GMR X n ( Daa Dab ....... Dan ).......( Dna Dnb ....... Dnn )
2
where Daa Dbb ..... Dnn rx ' (3.5.6)

35
Example 3.1 (GMR, GMD and inductance: single
phase two conductor line)
Determine the GMD and GMR for conductor X and Y and
evaluate the total inductance for the both conductor line as
shown in following figure.
36
Solution
The GMD between conductor x and
conductor
Dxy 6 ( D11y' D12' )( D21' D22' )( D31' D32' )
The 9GMR for conductor x

D ( D D D )( D D D )( D
xx 11 12 13 21 22 23 31 D32 D33 )
The GMR for conductor

D yy ( D1'1' D1'2 ' )( D2 '1' D2'2 ' )
4
37
Evaluating Dxy, Dxx and Dyy
38
The indctance of conductor x
39
The inductance of conductor y
The total inductance of the two conductor

line
40
NEXT RABU
ATTENDANCE AND GROUPING LAB
41
Example 3.2 (Inductance and inductive
reactance: single phase line)
A single phase line operating at 60Hz
consist of two 4/0 12-strand copper
conductor with 1.5 m spacing between
conductor centers. The line length is 32 km.
Determine the total inductance in H and
the total inductive reactance in .
42
43
Solution:
The GMD between conductor centers is Dxy =
1.5 m. Also, from Table A.3, the GMR of a 4/0
12-strand copper conductor is Dxx = Dyy=
0.0175 ft or 0.5334 cm. The inductance of
conductor x and y are
44
3.6 Inductance of Three-phase Transmission
Lines
Symmetrical Spacing
Consider one meter length of a three-phase line with three
conductors, each with radius r, symmetrically spaced in a
triangular configuration
Assuming balanced 3-phase currents
Ia + Ib + Ic =0
The total flux linkage of phase
a conductor
7 1 1 1
a 2 x10 I a In I b In I c In
r' D D
(3.6.1)
45
Lines
Symmetrical Spacing (cont.)
Substituting for Ib+ Ic = -Ia

1 1
a 2 x10 I a In I a In
7
r'i D
7 D
2 x10 I a In (3.6.2)
r'
Due to symmetry, a= b= c , and the three inductances
are identical.
The inductance per phase per km length
D where
L 0.2 In mH/km r' DS geometric mean radius, GMR
DS
1
46
(3.6.3) Note : Solid round conductor DS re 4
Lines
Asymmetrical Spacing
In practical transmission line is asymmetrical spacing of
conductor because of construction consideration.
In asymmetrical spacing, voltage drop due to line
inductance will be unbalanced
In 3-phase line with asymmetrical spacing,
the flux linkages
1 1 1
a 2 x10 7 I a In I b In I c In
r' D12 D13
7 1 1 1
b 2 x10 I a In I b In I c In
D12 r' D23
1 1 1 (3.6.4)
c 2 x10 7 I a In I b In I c In
47 D13 D23 r'
Lines
Asymmetrical Spacing (cont.)
In Matrix Form, L= /I, the symmetrical inductance
matrix L is given by
1 1 1
In In In
r' D12 D13
1 1 1
L 2 x10 7 In In In
D12 r' D23
1 1 1
In In In
D13 D23 r' (3.6.5)
48
3.6.1 Transpose Line
Asymmetrical spacing causes the flux linkages and
therefore the inductance of each phase to be different
resulting in unbalanced receiving-end voltages even when
sending-end voltages and line currents are balanced.
Also voltages will be induced in adjacent communication
lines even when line currents are balanced.
Restore Balanced Conditions By The Method Of
Transposition Of Lines
Average inductance of each phase will be the same
Each phase occupies each position for the same fraction of
the total length of the line
49
Transpose Line
Restore Balanced Conditions By The Method Of
Transposition Of Lines (cont.)
The transposition consists of interchanging the phase
configuration every one-third the length so that each
conductor is moved to occupy the next physical position in a
regular position.
A Transposed Three Phase Line

50
Transpose Line
Flux linkages of conductor a, when a is in position 1, b in
position 2 and c in position 3, the flux linkages for a are
1 1 1

a1 2 x10 I a In I b In
7
I c In
r' D12 D13 (3.6.6)
when a is in position 2, b in position 3 and c in position 1,
the flux linkages for a are
1 1 1
a 2 2 x10 I a In I b In
7
I c In
(3.6.7)
r' D23 D12
when a is in position 3, b in position 1 and c in position 2,
the flux linkages for a are
1 1 1
a 3 2 x10 I a In I b In
7
I c In (3.6.8)
51 r' D13 D23
Transpose Line
The average value of the flux linkages of a is
a1 a 2 a 3
a
3 (3.6.9)
2 x10 7 1 1 1
a 3I a In I b In I c In
3 r' D12 D23 D13 D12 D23 D13
With the restriction that Ia =-(Ib + Ic) , the average flux

linkages of a is
2 x10 7 1 1
a 3I a In I a In
3 r' D12 D23 D13 (3.6.10)
52
Transpose Line
OR ,
D12 D23 D31
3

a 2 x10 I a In
7
Wb/m
r'

The average inductance per phase is
(3.6.11)
7
Deq
La Lb Lc 2 10 ln H/m
DS (3.6.12)
OR
Deq
La Lb Lc 0.2 ln mH/km
DS
Where,
Geometric Mean Distance (GMD) Deq GMD 3 D12 D23 D13 (3.6.13)
Ds Geometric Mean Radius (GMR)
1
DS r ' re 4 (3.6.14)
53
Transpose Line
Example 3.4 (Inductance and inductive
reactance: three phase line)
54
55
Transpose Line
Solution
From Table A.4, the GMR of a 806 mm2 (1,590,00
cmil) 54/3 ACSR conductor is
Also, from 3.6.7 and 3.6.8,
The inductive reactance of phase a

56
3.7 GMR of Bundle Conductors
Introduction
Used on overhead lines above 230 kV (EHV)
Some of the advantages
Reduces the line reactance, improves the line
performance and increase power capability of the line.
Reduces the voltage surface gradient, reduce corona
loss, radio interference and surge impedance
Typical bundled conductors consists of two, three or four
subconductors symmetrically arranged
57
Typical bundled conductor configurations
(a) Bundle conductors of two subconductors

(b) Bundle conductors of three subconductors symmetrically
(c) Bundle conductors of four subconductors symmetrically
58
The GMR of the equivalent single conductor is obtained
by using (3.5.6). Each conductor is first replaced by an
equivalent solid cylindrical conductor with GMR = DS.
Then, the bundle is replaced by one equivalent condcutor
with GMR = DSL
For The Two-subconductor Bundle
DSL 4 ( DS d ) 2 DS d (3.7.1)
For The Three-subconductor Bundle
59 DSL 9 ( DS d d ) 3 3 DS d 2 (3.7.2)
For The Four-subconductor Bundle
DSL 16
D
S d d d 2 4
1.094 DS d 3 (3.7.3)
The inductance is then
7
Deq
La 2 10 ln H/m
DSL (3.7.4)
60
3.8 Inductance Of Three-phase Double
Circuit Line
Sometimes it is necessary to carry two circuit on the same
tower from better reliability of power supply.
If one of the circuit breakdown, the other is ready as a
backup.
GMD between each phase group
D AB 4 Da1b1 Da1b 2 Da 2 b1 Da 2 b 2
DBC 4 Db1c1 Db1c 2 Db 2 c1 Db 2 c 2
D AC 4 Da1c1 Da1c 2 Da 2 c1 Da 2 c 2
(3.8.1)
Transpose Double Circuit Line
61
Circuit Line
Equivalent GMD per phase
GMD 3 D AB DBC D AC (3.8.2)
GMR of each phase group
DSA 4 ( DSb Da1a 2 ) 2 DSb Da1a 2
DSB 4 ( DSb Db1b 2 ) 2 DSb Db1b 2 (3.8.3)
DSC 4 ( DSb Dc1c 2 ) 2 DSb Dc1c 2
Equivalent GMR For Per Phase Inductance To Neutral
GMRL 3 DSA DSB DSC

(3.8.4)
Inductance Per Phase
GMD
L 0.2 In mH/km 3.8.5)
GMRL
62
Circuit Line
Example 3.5
Each conductor in example 3.4 is replaced by two 403 mm2
ACSR 26/2 conductors, as shown in Figure 3.5. Bundle
spacing is 0.4 m. Flat horizontal spacing is retained, with
10 m between adjacent bundle centers. Calculate the
inductive reactance of the line and compare it with that of
Example 3.4.
63 Figure 3.5: Three phase bundled conductor line

Circuit Line
Solution
From Table A.4, the GMR of a 403 mm2 (795,000 cmil) 26/2
ACSR 26/2 conductor
64
Circuit Line
Solution
The inductive reactance
The reactance of the bundled line, 78.8 , is 22% less than

that in Example 3.4, even though the two conductor
bundle has the same amount of conductor material (that is
the same cmil per phase). One advantage of reduced series
line reactance is smaller line voltage drop. Also, the
loadability of medium and long EHV line is increased.
65
3.9 Line Capacitance
Introduction
The capacitance between conductors in a medium with constant
permittivity can be obtain by determining the following:
1. Electric field strength E, From Gausss Law
2. Voltage between conductors
3. Capacitance from charge per unit volt (C = q / v)
Gausss law states that the total electric flux leaving a closed
surfaced equals the total charge within the volume enclosed by the
surface.
66
Definition
The capacitance C is the ratio of charge q to the voltage V
q
C
V (3.9..1)
where,
C= Capacitance Between a Pair of Cond. in Farads
q= Charge in Conductor in Coulombs
V= Voltage Between Cond. in Volts
67
Lines of electric flux originate on positive charges and
terminate on negative charge for a positively charged conductor
in isolation, the lines of flux are uniformly distributed around
the radius of the conductor.
Electric Field Density (D) at Cylinder of Radius X
q q
D
A 2 x (3.9.2)
Electric Field Intensity (E)
D q Where ,
E 0 = Permittivity of free
0 2 x 0
Space = 8.85x10-12 F/m
68
(3.9.3) Electric field around a long round
conductor
Potential difference from position D1 to D2 is defined as
the work done in moving a unit charge of one coulomb
from D2 to D1 through the electric field produced by the
charge on the conductor.
Potential Difference Between Two Points P1 And P2
D2 D2
q
V12 Edx dx
D1 D1
2 x 0
q D2
ln (3.9.4)
2 0 D1
69
3.10 Capacitance of Single-phase and Three
Phase Line with Equal Phase Spacing
Consider the single phase two wire line in Figure 3.10.
Assume conductor x have a charge of q C/m, and
conductor y has an equal quantity negative charge q.
then the voltage between conductor
1 Dyx D yy q D yx Dxy
Vxy q ln q ln ln (3.10.1)
2 D D 2 D D
xx xy xx yy
70 Figure 3.10
Using Dxy= Dyx= D, Dxx = rx and Dyy = ry the voltage
between conductor
q ln D
Vxy (3.10.2)
rx ry

Capacitance between Conductor (line to line)
q
C xy F/m
Vxy ln D
rx ry
If rx = ry = r
q
C xy F/m (3.10.3)
Vxy ln D
71 r
Line to neutral capacitance

2
Cn F/m
D (3.10.4)
ln
r
Circuit representation of capacitances for a single phase two wire line
72
3.11 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors,
Unequal Spacing, Bundled Conductor
Consider n parallel long conductors with charges q1, q2,
..qn coulombs/meter.
Assume no distortion effect and charge uniformly
distributed around the conductor with the following
constraint q1+q2++qn = 0
The potential different between conductor I and j due to
presence of all charges is
1 n
Dkj
Vij
2 0
qk In
Dki
k 1 (3.11.1)
When k = i , Dii is the distance between surface of Multiconductor configuration
the conductor and its center, namely its radius r.

73
Consider one meter length of a three-phase line with three
long conductor, each with radius r, with conductor
spacing as shown below
Assume the line is transposed and a balanced three-phase

system
qa + qb + qc = 0
74
Consider a bundled conductor line with two conductor
per bundle below
The resulting capacitance 2 (3.11.2)

Can F/m
Deq
ln
r
GMD of the conductor GMD
Deq 3 Dab Dbc Dac (3.11.3)
75
(3.11.4)
76
Capacitance Per Phase In Bundle Conductors
2
Can F/m
Deq
ln
DSC (3.11.5)
Equivalent radius DSC

for two-subconductor bundle DSC rd (3.11.6)
for three-subconductor bundle

DSC 3 rd 2
(3.11.7)
for four-subconductor bundle
DSC 1.0914 rd 3
(3.11.8)
77
The current supplied to the transmission
line capacitance is called charging current.
For a single phase circuit operating at line
voltage Vxy = Vxy 0, the charging
to line
current Iis Y V jY V Ampere (3.11.9)
chg xy xy xy xy
2
V
The reactive power delivered 2by the line to
YxyVxy C xyVxy Var (3.11.10)
xy
QC
line capacitance
is 2
Xc
78
For a completely transposed three phase line
that has balance positive sequence voltages
with Van = VLN 0, the phase a charging
current is
I chg YVan jCanVLN Ampere (3.11.11)
The active power delivered by phase a is

QC1 YVan2 C anVLN
2
var (3.11.12)
The total reactive power supplied by three

phase line
QC 3 3QC1 3C anVLN2 C anVLL2 var (3.11.13)
79
Example 3.6
Solution
From Table A.3, the outside radius of a 4/0
12 strands copper conductor is
80
Line to line capacitance (3.10.3)
Or
the reactive power (3.11.10)
81
Example 3.7
For the three phase line in Example 3.5,
determine the capacitance to neutral in F
and the shunt admittance to neutral in S. if
the line voltage is 345 kV, determine the
charging current in kA per phase and the
total reactive power in Mvar supplied by
line capacitance. Assume balanced positive
sequence voltages.
82
Solution
From Table A.4, the outside radius of a 403
mm2 26/2 ACSR conductor is
(3.11.6)
3.5 (3.11.5)
83
Solution
(3.11.11)
(3.11.13)
84

EET301 2013 Chapter 3 (Part 1)

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EET301 2013 Chapter 3 (Part 1)

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CHAPTER 3

Cross section of steel-reinforced conductor, 7 steel

Comparison of SI and English units for calculating

1 circular mil (1 cmil) is equal to /4

12 = 28.0 for hard drawn aluminum

Which agrees with the value given in Table

R60 Hz , 25C 0.1727

A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field

The flux d links only the fraction of the conductor from

The inductance due to internal flux linkage

The external flux linkage between two points D1 and D2 is found

Assume one meter length of a single-phase line consisting

Single-phase two-wire line

Total inductance of conductor 1,

The term r is known mathematically as self-geometric

Conductor x consist of n identical

Geometric Mean Radius (GMRx) (3.5.5)

where Daa Dbb ..... Dnn rx ' (3.5.6)

The 9GMR for conductor x

The GMR for conductor

The indctance of conductor x

The total inductance of the two conductor

ATTENDANCE AND GROUPING LAB

A Transposed Three Phase Line

With the restriction that Ia =-(Ib + Ic) , the average flux

Also, from 3.6.7 and 3.6.8,

The inductive reactance of phase a

(a) Bundle conductors of two subconductors

For The Three-subconductor Bundle

For The Four-subconductor Bundle

The inductance is then

Equivalent GMR For Per Phase Inductance To Neutral

GMRL 3 DSA DSB DSC

63 Figure 3.5: Three phase bundled conductor line

The reactance of the bundled line, 78.8 , is 22% less than

Line to neutral capacitance

Circuit representation of capacitances for a single phase two wire line

the conductor and its center, namely its radius r.

Assume the line is transposed and a balanced three-phase

The resulting capacitance 2 (3.11.2)

Equivalent radius DSC

for three-subconductor bundle

The active power delivered by phase a is

The total reactive power supplied by three

the reactive power (3.11.10)

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