High Low Impedance BusBar Protection

Fundamentals of
Bus Bar
Protection
GE Multilin
Outline
Bus arrangements
Bus components
Bus protection techniques
CT Saturation
Application Considerations:
High impedance bus differential
relaying
Low impedance bus differential
relaying
Special topics
2
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Single bus - single breaker
ZONE 1
1 2 3 ---- n-1 n
Distribution and lower transmission

voltage levels
No operating flexibility
Fault on the bus trips all circuit breakers
3
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Multiple bus sections - single
breaker with bus tie
ZONE 2
ZONE 1
Distribution and lower transmission

voltage levels
Limited operating flexibility
4
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Double bus - single breaker with
bus tie ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Transmission and distribution voltage levels

Breaker maintenance without circuit removal
Fault on a bus disconnects only the circuits
being connected to that bus
5
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Main and transfer buses
MAIN BUS
ZONE 1
TRANFER BUS
Increased operating flexibility

A bus fault requires tripping all
breakers
Transfer bus for breaker maintenance 6
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Double bus single breaker w/ tran
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Very high operating flexibility

Transfer bus for breaker
maintenance
7
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Double bus - double breaker
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
High operating flexibility

Line protection covers bus section between
two CTs
Fault on a bus does not disturb the power to
8
circuits GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Breaker-and-a-half bus
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Used on higher voltage levels

More operating flexibility
Requires more breakers
Middle bus sections covered by line or
other equipment protection 9
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Ring bus L1 L2
TB1
B1 B2
TB1
L3 L4
Higher voltage levels

High operating flexibility with minimum
breakers
Separate bus protection not required at
10
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Bus components breakers
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 1 ISO 2
Low Voltage circuit

breakers
CB 1
ISO 3
BYPASS
11
SF6, EHV & HV - Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Synchropuff
Disconnect switches & auxiliary
contacts BUS 1
BUS 1
BUS 2
+
ISOLATOR 1
7B 7A
ISO 1 ISO 2 ISOLATOR 1 OPEN

F1a Contact Input F1a On
F1c Contact Input F1c On
F1b
BUS 1
ISOLATOR 1
+
CB 1
7B 7A
ISO 3
BYPASS
ISOLATOR 1 CLOSED
F1a Contact Input F1a On
F1c Contact Input F1c On
F1b
- 12
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Current Transformers
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 1 ISO 2
Gas (SF6) insulated

current transformer
Oil insulated current

transformer (35kV up to
CB 1
800kV)
ISO 3
BYPASS
Bushing type 13
(medium voltage GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
switchgear) Mar 6, 2017
Protection Requirements
High bus fault currents due to large number of
circuits connected:
CT saturation often becomes a problem as CTs may not be
sufficiently rated for worst fault condition case
large dynamic forces associated with bus faults require fast
clearing times in order to reduce equipment damage
False trip by bus protection may create serious
problems:
service interruption to a large number of circuits
(distribution and sub-transmission voltage levels)
system-wide stability problems (transmission voltage levels)
With both dependability and security important,
preference is always given to security
14
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Bus Protection Techniques
Interlocking schemes
Overcurrent (unrestrained or
unbiased) differential
Overcurrent percent (restrained or
biased) differential
Linear couplers
High-impedance bus differential schemes
Low-impedance bus differential schemes
15
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Interlocking Schemes
Blocking scheme
typically used
Short coordination time
required
50
Care must be taken with
possible saturation of
BLOCK
feeder CTs
50 50 50 50 50
Blocking signal could be
sent over
communications ports
(peer-to-peer)
This technique is limited
to simple one-incomer
distribution buses
16
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Overcurrent (unrestrained)
Differential Differential signal formed
by summation of all
currents feeding the bus
CT ratio matching may be
required
51 On external faults,
saturated CTs yield
spurious differential
current
Time delay used to cope
with CT saturation
Instantaneous differential
OC function useful on
integrated microprocessor-
based relays
17
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Linear Couplers
ZC = 2 20 - typical coil impedance
(5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )
59
0V
40 V 10 V 10 V 0V 20 V
External
Fault
If =
18
8000 A GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
2000 2000 A 0 4000 Mar 6, 2017
Linear
Couplers
E = I *X - secondary voltage on relay terminals
sec prim m
IR= Iprim*Xm /(ZR+ZC) minimum operating current
where,
Iprim primary current in each circuit
Xm liner coupler mutual reactance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @
60Hz )
ZR relay tap impedance
ZC sum of all linear coupler
If = self impedances
Internal Bus
8000 A Fault
40 V 59
0V 10 V 10 V 0V 20 V
19
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
0 2000 2000 0 4000
Linear
Couplers
Fast, secure and proven
Require dedicated air gap CTs, which may not
be used for any other protection
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable
buses
The scheme uses a simple voltage detector
it does not provide benefits of a
microprocessor-based relay (e.g.
oscillography, breaker failure protection,
other functions)
20
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High Impedance Differential
Operating signal created by
connecting all CT secondaries in
parallel
o CTs must all have the same ratio
o Must have dedicated CTs
Overvoltage element operates
on voltage developed across
resistor connected in secondary
59
circuit
o Requires varistors or AC
shorting relays to limit energy
during faults
Accuracy dependent on
secondary circuit resistance
o Usually requires larger CT
cables to reduce errors higher
cost
Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable

buses and offers no advanced functionality 21
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Percent Differential
Percent characteristic
used to cope with CT
saturation and other
errors
87
51
Restraining signal can
be formed in a number
of ways
No dedicated CTs
needed
Used for protection of
re-configurable buses
I DIF I1 I 2 ... I n possible
I RES I1 I 2 ... I n I RES max I1 , I 2 , ..., I n

22
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Low Impedance Percent
Differential
Individual currents sampled by protection and summated
digitally
o CT ratio matching done internally (no auxiliary CTs)
o Dedicated CTs not necessary
Additional algorithms improve security of percent differential
characteristic during CT saturation
Dynamic bus replica allows application to reconfigurable buses
o Done digitally with logic to add/remove current inputs from
differential computation
o Switching of CT secondary circuits not required
Low secondary burdens
Additional functionality available
o Digital oscillography and monitoring of each circuit connected to
bus zone
o Time-stamped event recording
o Breaker failure protection
23
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Digital Differential Algorithm
Goals
Improve the main differential algorithm operation
o Better filtering
o Faster response
o Better restraint techniques
o Switching transient blocking
Provide dynamic bus replica for reconfigurable bus bars
Dependably detect CT saturation in a fast and reliable
manner, especially for external faults
Implement additional security to the main differential
algorithm to prevent incorrect operation
o External faults with CT saturation
o CT secondary circuit trouble (e.g. short circuits)
24
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Low Impedance Differential
(Distributed) Data Acquisition Units
(DAUs) installed in bays
Central Processing Unit
52 52 52
(CPU) processes all data
DAU DAU DAU from DAUs
Communications between
DAUs and CPU over fiber
using proprietary protocol
Sampling synchronisation
between DAUs is required
CU Perceived less reliable
copper (more hardware needed)
fiber Difficult to apply in retrofit
applications
25
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Low Impedance Differential
(Centralized)
All currents applied to a
52 52 52 single central processor
No communications,
external sampling
synchronisation necessary
Perceived more reliable
(less hardware needed)
Well suited to both new
CU
and retrofit applications.
copper
26
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation
27
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation Concepts
CT saturation depends on a number of factors
o Physical CT characteristics (size, rating, winding
resistance, saturation voltage)
o Connected CT secondary burden (wires + relays)
o Primary current magnitude, DC offset (system X/R)
o Residual flux in CT core
Actual CT secondary currents may not behave in the same
manner as the ratio (scaled primary) current during faults
End result is spurious differential current appearing in the
summation of the secondary currents which may cause
differential elements to operate if additional security is
not applied
28
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation
No DC Offset
Waveform remains
fairly symmetrical
Ratio Current CT Current
With DC Offset
Waveform starts off
being asymmetrical,
then symmetrical in
Ratio Current CT Current
steady state
29
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
External Fault & Ideal CTs
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t 1
Ideal CTs have no saturation or mismatch
errors thus produce no differential current 30
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
External Fault & Actual CTs
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t 1
Actual CTs do introduce errors, producing some
differential current (without CT saturation) 31
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
External Fault with CT
Saturation
t2
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1
CT fully saturated at t2
CT saturation causes increasing differential
current that may enter the differential 32
element operate region. GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Some Methods of Securing Bus
Differential
Block the bus differential for a period of time (intentional delay)
o Increases security as bus zone will not trip when CT saturation is
present
o Prevents high-speed clearance for internal faults with CT saturation
or evolving faults
Change settings of the percent differential characteristic
(usually Slope 2)
o Improves security of differential element by increasing the amount
of spurious differential current needed to incorrectly trip
o Difficult to explicitly develop settings (Is 60% slope enough? Should
it be 75%?)
Apply directional (phase comparison) supervision
o Improves security by requiring all currents flow into the bus zone
before asserting the differential element
o Easy to implement and test
o Stable even under severe CT saturation during external faults
33
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High-
Impedance
Bus
Differential 34
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High Impedance Voltage-
operated
Relay
59 element
External set above max possible voltage
Fault
developed across relay during external fault causing
worst case CT saturation
For internal faults, extremely high voltages (well
above 59 element pickup) will develop across relay
35
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High Impedance Voltage
Operated
Relay Ratio matching with

ApplicationCTs
Multi-ratio of high impedance differential relays
with CTs of different ratios but ratio matching taps is
possible, but could lead to voltage magnification.
Voltage developed across full winding of tapped CT
does not exceed CT rating, terminal blocks, etc.
36
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High Impedance Voltage
Operated
Relay Ratio matching with

Use of auxiliary
Multi-ratio CTs CTs to obtain correct ratio matching
is also possible, but these CTs must be able to deliver
enough voltage necessary to produce relay operation
for internal faults.
37
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Electromechanical High
Impedance Bus Differential
Relays
Single phase relays
High-speed

High impedance voltage sensing
High seismic IOC unit

38
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
P -based High-Impedance Bus
Differential Protection Relays
Operating time: 20 30ms @ I > 1.5xPKP
39
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High Impedance Module for
Digital Relays
RST = 2000 - stabilizing resistor to limit the

current through the relay, and force it to
the lower impedance CT windings.
MOV Metal Oxide Varistor to limit the
voltage to
1900 Volts
86 latching contact preventing the
40
resistors from overheating after the fault is GE Consumer & Industrial
detected Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High-Impedance Module
+
Overcurrent Relay
41
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
High Impedance Bus Protection -
Summary
Fast, secure and proven
Requires dedicated CTs, preferably with the same
CT ratio and using full tap
Can be applied to small buses
Depending on bus internal and external fault
currents, high impedance bus diff may not provide
adequate settings for both sensitivity and security
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable buses
Require voltage limiting varistor capable of
absorbing significant energy
May require auxiliary CTs
Do not provide full benefits of microprocessor-
based relay system (e.g. metering, monitoring,
oscillography, etc.)
42
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Low-
Impedance
Bus
Differential 43
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
P-based Low-Impedance Relays
No need for dedicated CTs
Internal CT ratio mismatch compensation
Advanced algorithms supplement percent differential
protection function making the relay very secure
Dynamic bus replica (bus image) principle is used in
protection of reconfigurable bus bars, eliminating the
need for switching physically secondary current
circuits
Integrated Breaker Failure (BF) function can provide
optimal tripping strategy depending on the actual
configuration of a bus bar
44
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Small Bus Applications
2-8 Circuit
Applications
Up to 24 Current Inputs Different CT Ratio
4 Zones Capability for Each
Zone 1 = Phase A Circuit
Zone 2 = Phase B Largest CT Primary is
Zone 3 = Phase C Base in Relay
Zone 4 = Not used
45
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Medium to Large Bus
Applications
9-12 Circuit
Applications
Relay 1 - 24 Current Inputs Relay 2 - 24 Current Inputs
4 Zones 4 Zones
Zone 1 = Phase A (12 currents) Zone 1 = Not used
Zone 2 = Phase B (12 currents) Zone 2 = Not used
Zone 3 = Not used Zone 3 = Phase C (12 currents)
Zone 4 = Not used Zone 4 = Not used
Different CT Ratio Capability for Each Circuit
Largest CT Primary is Base in Relay
CB CB
11 12
46
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Large Bus Applications
87B phase A
87B phase B
87B phase C
Logic relay
(switch status,
optional BF)
47
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Large Bus Applications
For buses with up to 24 circuits
48
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Summing External Currents
Not Recommended for Low-Z 87B relays
CT-1
Relay becomes
combination of
CT-2
restrained and
unrestrained elements
CT-3 In order to parallel CTs:
I 1 = Error
CT performance must be
closely matched
CT-4
o Any errors will appear as
I 2 =0
differential currents
Associated feeders must be
I 3 =0
I DIFF = Error Maloperation if

I REST = Error Error > PICKUP radial
o No backfeeds possible
Pickup setting must be raised
to accommodate any errors
49
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Definitions of Restraint Signals
iR i1 i2 i3 ... in sum of
iR i1 i2 i3 ... in
1
scaled sum of
n
iR n i1 i2 i3 ... in geometrical average
iR Max i1 , i2 , i3 ,..., in maximum of
50
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Sum Of vs. Max Of Restraint
Methods
Sum Of Approach Max Of Approach
More restraint on external Less restraint on external faults;
faults; less sensitive for internal more sensitive for internal faults
faults Breakpoint settings for the
Scaled-Sum Of approach percent differential
takes into account number of characteristic easier to set
connected circuits and may Better handles situation where
increase sensitivity one CT may saturate completely
Breakpoint settings for the (99% slope settings possible)
percent differential
characteristic more difficult to
set
51
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Bus Differential Adaptive
Approach
Region 2
(high differential
currents)
differential
Region 1
(low differential
currents)
restraining
52
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Bus Differential Adaptive Logic
Diagram
DIFL
AND
DIR
OR
87B BIASED OP
OR
SAT
AND
DIFH
53
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Phase Comparison Principle
Internal Faults: All fault (large) currents are
approximately in phase.
External Faults: One fault (large) current will be out

of phase
Secondary Current of
Faulted Circuit
No Voltages are required or (Severe CT Saturation)
needed
54
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Phase Comparison Principle
Continued
External Fault Conditions Internal Fault Conditions
Ip Ip
imag imag
ID I p OPERATE ID I p OPERATE

BLOCK BLOCK
Ip Ip
I D -I p real I D -I real
Ip ID I p p
ID I p

Ip
BLOCK
BLOCK
OPERATE OPERATE
55
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation
t2
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1
CT fully saturated at t2
56
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation Detector State
Machine NORMAL
SAT := 0
The differential
current below the saturation
first slope for condition
certain period of
time EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
The differential-
The differential restraining trajectory
characteristic out of the differential
entered characteristic for
certain period of time
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
SAT := 1
57
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation Detector
Operating Principles
The 87B SAT flag WILL NOT be set during
internal faults, regardless of whether or not
any of the CTs saturate.
The 87B SAT flag WILL be set during
external faults, regardless of whether or not
any of the CTs saturate.
By design, the 87B SAT flag WILL force the
relay to use the additional 87B DIR phase
The Saturation
comparison Detector
for Region WILL
2 NOT Block the
Operation of the Differential Element it will
only Force 2-out-of-2 Operation
58
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation Detector -
Examples
The oscillography records on the next two slides were
captured from a B30 relay under test on a real-time digital
power system simulator
First slide shows an external fault with deep CT saturation
(~1.5 msec of good CT performance)
o SAT saturation detector flag asserts prior to BIASED PKP
bus differential pickup
o DIR directional flag does not assert (one current flows
out of zone), so even though bus differential picks up, no
trip results
Second slide shows an internal fault with mild CT saturation
o BIASED PKP and BIASED OP both assert before DIR
asserts
o CT saturation does not block bus differential
More examples available (COMTRADE files) upon request
59
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation Example
External Fault 200
150
100 ~1 ms
50
current, A
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12
time, sec
The bus dif erential The CT saturation flag

protection element is set safely before the
picks up due to heavy pickup flag
CT saturation
Despite heavy CT
saturation the
external fault current
The element is seen in the
The
does not opposite direction
directional flag
maloperate 60
is not set
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
CT Saturation Internal Fault
Example
The bus dif erential

protection element
picks up
The saturation
flag is not set - no
directional
decision required
All the fault currents

are seen in one
direction
The
The element directional
operates in flag is set
10ms 61
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Applying Low-Impedance
Differential Relays for Busbar
Protection
Basic Topics
Configure physical CT Inputs
Configure Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus
Replica
Calculating Bus Differential Element settings
Advanced Topics
Isolator switch monitoring for
reconfigurable buses
Differential Zone CT Trouble
Integrated Breaker Failure protection
62
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Configuring CT Inputs
For each connected CT circuit enter Primary
rating and select Secondary rating.
Each 3-phase bank of CT inputs must be
assigned to a Signal Source that is used to
define the Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
Some relays define 1 p.u. as the

maximum primary current of all of the
CTs connected in the given Bus Zone
63
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Per-Unit Current Definition -
Example
Current Primar Secondar Zone
Channel y y
CT- F1 3200 A 1A 1
1
CT- F2 2400 A 5A 1
2
CT- F3 1200 A 1A 1
3
CT- F4 3200 A 1A 2
For4 Zone 1, 1 p.u. = 3200 AP
CT-Zone
For F51 p.u.1200
2, A
= 5000 5A
AP 2
5
64
CT- F6 5000 A 5A 2GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Configuration of Bus Zone
Dynamic Bus Replica associates a status signal
with each current in the Bus Differential Zone
Status signal can be any logic operand
o Status signals can be developed in
programmable logic to provide additional
checks or security as required
o Status signal can be set to ON if current is
always in the bus zone or OFF if current is
never in the bus zone
CT connections/polarities for a particular bus
zone must be properly configured in the relay,
via either hardwire or software
65
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Configuring the Bus Differential
Zone
Bus Zone settings defines the boundaries of
the Differential Protection and CT Trouble
Monitoring.
1. Configure the physical CT Inputs

o CT Primary and Secondary values
o Both 5 A and 1 A inputs are supported by the UR hardware
o Ratio compensation done automatically for CT ratio
differences up to 32:1
2. Configure AC Signal Sources
3. Configure Bus Zone with Dynamic Bus Replica
66
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Dual Percent Differential
Characteristic
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
Min Pickup Low

Breakpoint 67
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Calculating Bus Differential
Settings
The following Bus Zone Differential element
parameters need to be set:
o Differential Pickup
o Restraint Low Slope
o Restraint Low Break Point
o Restraint High Breakpoint
o Restraint High Slope
o Differential High Set (if needed)
All settings entered in per unit (maximum CT primary in
the zone)
Slope settings entered in percent
Low Slope, High Slope and High Breakpoint settings
are used by the CT Saturation Detector and define the
Region 1 Area (2-out-of-2 operation with Directional)
68
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Settings Minimum Pickup
Defines the minimum differential current required

for operation of the Bus Zone Differential element
Must be set above maximum leakage current not
zoned off in the bus differential zone
May also be set above maximum load conditions
for added security in case of CT trouble, but
better alternatives exist
69
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Settings Low Slope
Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents

from IREST=0 to IREST=Low Breakpoint
Setting determines the sensitivity of the
differential element for low-current internal faults
Must be set above maximum error introduced by
the CTs in their normal linear operating mode
Range: 15% to 100% in 1%. increments
70
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Settings Low Breakpoint
Defines the upper limit to restraint currents that will
be biased according to the Low Slope setting
Should be set to be above the maximum load but
not more than the maximum current where the CTs
still operate linearly (including residual flux)
Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly
(no significant saturation effects up to 80% residual
flux) up to the Low Breakpoint setting
71
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Settings High Breakpoint
Defines the minimum restraint currents that will be

biased according to the High Slope setting
Should be set to be below the minimum current
where the weakest CT will saturate with no
residual flux
Assumption is that the CTs will be operating
linearly (no significant saturation effects up to 80%
residual flux) up to the Low Breakpoint setting
72
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Settings High Slope
Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents
IRESTHigh Breakpoint
Setting determines the stability of the differential
element for high current external faults
Traditionally, should be set high enough to
accommodate the spurious differential current
resulting from saturation of the CTs during heavy
external faults
Setting can be relaxed in favour of sensitivity and
speed as the relay detects CT saturation and applies
the directional principle to prevent maloperation
Range: 50% to 100% in 1%. increments
73
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Calculating Unrestrained Bus
Differential Settings
Defines the minimum differential current for

unrestrained operation
Should be set to be above the maximum differential
current under worst case CT saturation
Range: 2.00 to 99.99 p.u. in 0.01 p.u. increments
Can be effectively disabled by setting to 99.99 p.u.
74
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Dual Percent Differential
Characteristic
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
Min Pickup Low

Breakpoint 75
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Reconfigurable Buses
C-3 C-5
NORTH BUS
B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

B-5
CT-1 CT-7
CT-2 B-2 CT-3 B-3 CT-4 B-4 CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
C-1 C-2 C-4
Protecting re-configurable buses 76

Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
C-3 C-5
NORTH BUS
B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

B-5
CT-1 CT-2 B-2 CT-4 B-4 CT-7

CT-3 B-3
CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
C-1 C-2 C-4
Protecting re-configurable buses

77
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
C-3 C-5
NORTH BUS
B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

B-5
CT-1 CT-2 B-2 CT-4 B-4 CT-7

CT-3 B-3
CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
C-1 C-2 C-4

Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
C-3 C-5
NORTH BUS
B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

B-5
CT-1 CT-7
CT-2 B-2 CT-3 B-3 CT-4 B-4 CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
C-1 C-2 C-4

Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Isolators
Reliable Isolator Closed signals are needed for the
Dynamic Bus Replica
In simple applications, a single normally closed contact
may be sufficient
For maximum safety:
o Both N.O. and N.C. contacts should be used
o Isolator Alarm should be established and non-valid
combinations (open-open, closed-closed) should be sorted out
o Switching operations should be inhibited until bus image is
recognized with 100% accuracy
o Optionally block 87B operation from Isolator Alarm
Each isolator position signal decides:
o Whether or not the associated current is to be included in the
differential calculations
o Whether or not the associated breaker is to be tripped
80
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Isolator Typical Open/Closed
Connections
81
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Switch Status Logic and
Dyanamic Bus Replica
Isolator Isolator Isolator Alarm Block
Open Closed Position Switching
Auxiliary Auxiliary
Contact Contact
Off On CLOSED No No
Off Off LAST VALID After time Until Isolator

delay
On On CLOSED until Position is
acknowledge valid
d
On Off OPEN No No
NOTE: Isolator monitoring function may be a built-in feature

or user-programmable in low impedance bus differential
digital relays
82
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Each Bus Differential Zone may a dedicated CT
Trouble Monitor
Definite time delay overcurrent element operating
on the zone differential current, based on the
configured Dynamic Bus Replica
Three strategies to deal with CT problems:
1. Trip the bus zone as the problem with a CT will
likely evolve into a bus fault anyway
2. Do not trip the bus, raise an alarm and try to
correct the problem manually
3. Switch to setting group with 87B minimum
pickup setting above the maximum load
current.
83
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Strategies 2 and 3 can be
accomplished by:
Using undervoltage supervision to ride through
the period from the beginning of the problem
with a CT until declaring a CT trouble condition
Using an external check zone to supervise the
87B function
Using CT Trouble to prevent the Bus Differential
tripping (2)
Using setting groups to increase the pickup
value for the 87B function (3)
84
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Strategy #2 Example
87B operates
Undervoltage condition
CT OK
CT Trouble operand is used to rise an

alarm
The 87B trip is inhibited after CT
Trouble element operates
The relay may misoperate if an
external fault occurs after CT trouble
but before the CT trouble condition is 85
declared (double-contingency) Multilin

Mar 6, 2017
Example Architecture for Large
Dual (redundant) fiber
Busbars with 3msec delivery
time between
neighbouring IEDs. Up
to 8 relays in the ring
Phase A AC signals and
trip contacts
Phase B AC signals and Phase C AC signals and

trip contacts trip contacts
Digital Inputs for

isolator monitoring and
BF
86
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Example Architecture Dynamic
Bus Replica and Isolator
Position
si tion
Iso
lat
or
P
r Po os
itio
o
olat Phase A AC signals n
Is
wired here, bus replica
configured here
Phase B AC signals Phase C AC signals

wired here, bus replica wired here, bus replica
configured here configured here n
o
Iso siti
la
to r Po
rP o
os at
l
it Iso
ion
Auxuliary switches wired here;
Isolator Monitoring function
configured here
87
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Example Architecture BF
Initiationt S&
up Current Supervision
v.
BF
rren Ini
tia
u
&C te
&
i ate Cu
t rre
F Ini Phase A AC signals nt
B Su
wired here, current pv
.
status monitored here
pv.
Phase B AC signals Phase C AC signals Su
wired here, current wired here, current e nt
BF status monitored here status monitored here urr
In C
iti &
a e
te at
& n iti
Cu I
rre BF
n tS
up Breaker Failure
v. elements
configured here
88
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
Example Architecture Breaker
Trip
Failure Tripping
Bre
Op ak
er
Fail Fai
r l
a ke Op
Bre Phase A AC signals
wired here, current Trip
Trip status monitored here
Phase B AC signals Phase C AC signals

wired here, current wired here, current
status monitored here status monitored here p
Br
ea Trip li O
ke r Fa
rF e
ai e ak
lO
p Br
Breaker Fail Op command
generated here and send to
trip appropriate breakers
89
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
IEEE 37.234
Guide for Protective Relay Applications

to Power System Buses is currently
being revised by the K14 Working Group
of the IEEE Power System Relaying
Committee.
90
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017
91
Multilin
Mar 6, 2017

High Low Impedance BusBar Protection

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

High Low Impedance BusBar Protection

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Fundamentals of

Distribution and lower transmission

Distribution and lower transmission

Transmission and distribution voltage levels

Increased operating flexibility

Very high operating flexibility

High operating flexibility

circuits GE Consumer & Industrial

Used on higher voltage levels

Higher voltage levels

Low Voltage circuit

ISO 1 ISO 2 ISOLATOR 1 OPEN

Gas (SF6) insulated

Oil insulated current

ZC = 2 20 - typical coil impedance

(5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )

IR= Iprim*Xm /(ZR+ZC) minimum operating current

Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable

I RES I1 I 2 ... I n I RES max I1 , I 2 , ..., I n

Ratio Current CT Current

element operate region. GE Consumer & Industrial

Relay Ratio matching with

Relay Ratio matching with

Operating time: 20 30ms @ I > 1.5xPKP

RST = 2000 - stabilizing resistor to limit the

I DIFF = Error Maloperation if

iR n i1 i2 i3 ... in geometrical average

iR Max i1 , i2 , i3 ,..., in maximum of

External Faults: One fault (large) current will be out

The bus dif erential The CT saturation flag

The bus dif erential

All the fault currents

Some relays define 1 p.u. as the

CT- F6 5000 A 5A 2GE Consumer & Industrial

1. Configure the physical CT Inputs

Min Pickup Low

Defines the minimum differential current required

Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents

Defines the minimum restraint currents that will be

Defines the minimum differential current for

Min Pickup Low

B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

C-1 C-2 C-4

Protecting re-configurable buses 76

B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

CT-1 CT-2 B-2 CT-4 B-4 CT-7

C-1 C-2 C-4

Protecting re-configurable buses

B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

CT-1 CT-2 B-2 CT-4 B-4 CT-7

C-1 C-2 C-4

Protecting re-configurable buses 78

B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

C-1 C-2 C-4

Protecting re-configurable buses 79

Off Off LAST VALID After time Until Isolator

NOTE: Isolator monitoring function may be a built-in feature

CT Trouble operand is used to rise an

declared (double-contingency) Multilin

Phase B AC signals and Phase C AC signals and

Digital Inputs for

Phase B AC signals Phase C AC signals

Phase B AC signals Phase C AC signals