Lecture Outline

The Muscular System

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Functions and Types of Muscles

o Smooth Muscle
Located in the walls of hollow organs
and blood vessels
Involuntary contraction
Moves materials through organs and
regulates blood flow
Cylindrical cells with pointed ends
Each cell is uninucleate
Functions and Types of Muscles

o Cardiac Muscle
Forms the heart wall
Fibers are uninucleated, striated,
tubular, and branched
Fibers interlock at intercalated disks,
which permit contractions to spread
quickly throughout the heart
Contraction does not require outside
nervous stimulation
Nerves do affect heart rate and
strength of contraction
Functions and Types of Muscles

o Skeletal Muscle
Fibers are tubular, multinucleated,
and striated
Make up muscles attached to the
skeleton
Contraction is voluntary
Functions and Types of Muscles

o Connective Tissue Coverings of Skeletal

Muscle
Endomysium

Thin layer of areolar connective tissue

Surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber
Perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle
fibers (fascicles)
Epimysium

Layer that surrounds the entire muscle

Becomes part of the fascia (separates muscles
from each other)

Collagen fibers extend from epimysium to form
tendons that attach muscles to bone
Functions and Types of Muscles

o Functions of Skeletal Muscles

Support the body
Make bones and other body parts
move
Help maintain a constant body
temperature
Assists movement in cardiovascular
and lymphatic vessels
Help protect bones and internal
organs, and stabilize joints
Microscopic Anatomy

o Muscle fiber components

Sarcolemma plasma membrane
Sarcoplasm cytoplasm

Contains glycogen that provides energy for muscle
contraction

Contains myoglobin which binds oxygen until
needed
Sarcoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic
reticulum
T (transverse) tubules

Formed by the sarcolemma penetrating into the
cell

Come into contact with expanded portions of the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Microscopic Anatomy

o Myofibrils and Sarcomeres

Myofibrils run the length of the muscle fiber
Composed of numerous sarcomeres

Extends between two vertical Z lines

Contains two types of protein myofilaments
Thick filaments made up of myosin
Thin filaments made up of actin, tropomyosin, and
troponin

I band contains only thin filaments

A band in the center of the sarcomere contains
thick and thin filaments

H zone in the center of the A band has only
myosin filaments
Microscopic Anatomy

o Myofilaments
Thick filaments

Composed of several hundred of
molecules of myosin

Myosin molecules end in a cross-bridge
Thin filaments

Two strands of actin

Double strands of tropomyosin coil of
each actin strand

Troponin occurs at intervals on the
tropomyosin strand
Microscopic Anatomy

Sliding filaments

Occurs when sarcomeres shorten (during
muscle contraction)

Actin filaments slide past the myosin
filaments

Thick and thin filaments remain the same
length
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

o Neuromuscular junction
Axon terminals

Come into close proximity to the
sarcolemma

Have vesicles that contain acetylcholine
(Ach)
Synaptic cleft a small gap that
separates the axon from the
sarcolemma
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

o Steps involved in skeletal muscle

contraction
Nerve signal arrives at the axon terminal
The synaptic vesicles release Ach
Ach binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
The sarcolemma generates a signal that
travels down the T tubules to the SR
The SR releases calcium
Calcium from the SR causes the filaments to
slide past one another
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

o The Role of Actin and Myosin

Myosin binding sites on actin
molecules

Covered by tropomyosin when muscle is
relaxed

Released calcium combines with troponin
and myosin binding sites are exposed
Cross-bridges of myosin have two
binding sites

One site binds to ATP

Second binding site binds to actin
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

o Energy for Muscle Contraction

ATP present before strenuous exercise
only lasts a few seconds
Muscles acquire new ATP in three
ways

Creatine phosphate breakdown

Cellular respiration

Fermentation
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

Creatine Phosphate Breakdown

Does not require oxygen (anaerobic)

Regenerates ATP by transferring its phosphate
to ADP

Fastest way to make ATP available to muscles

ATP produced only lasts about 8 seconds
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
Cellular Respiration

Usually provides most of a muscles ATP

Uses glucose from stored glycogen and fatty acids from
stored fats

Required oxygen

Myoglobin can make oxygen available to muscle
mitochondria

Carbon dioxide and water are end products

Heat is a by-product
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

Fermentation

Anaerobic process

Produces ATP for short bursts of exercise

Glucose is broken down to lactate (lactic acid)
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

o Oxygen Debt
Occurs when muscles use
fermentation to supply ATP
Requires replenishing creatine
phosphate supplies and disposing of
lactic acid
Contraction of Smooth Muscle

o Smooth muscle fibers contain thick

and thin filaments
Filaments are not arranged into
myofibrils that create striations
Thin filaments are anchored to the
sarcolemma or dense bodies
o When contracted, the elongated
cells become shorter and wider
o Contraction occurs very slowly
o Contractions can last for long
periods of time without fatigue
Muscle Responses in the Laboratory

o All-or-none law a muscle fiber

contracts completely or not at all
o A whole muscle shows degrees of
contraction
Muscle twitch a single contraction that
lasts only a fraction of a second

Latent period

Contraction period

Relaxation period
Summation increased muscle contraction
Tetanic contraction maximal sustained
contraction
Muscle Responses in the Laboratory

o Fatigue
Muscle relaxes even though
stimulation continues
Reasons for fatigue

ATP is depleted

Accumulation of lactic acid in the
sarcoplasm inhibits muscle function

ACh may become depleted
Muscle Responses in the Body

o Motor unit
A nerve fiber together with all of the muscle
fibers it innervates
Obeys the all-or-none law
o Recruitment
As the intensity of nervous stimulation
increases, more motor units are activated
Results in stronger muscle contractions
o Tone
Some muscle fibers are always contracting
Important in maintaining posture
Muscle Responses in the Body

o Athletics and muscle contraction

Size of muscles

Atrophy a decrease in muscle size

Hypertrophy an increase in muscle size
Slow-twitch fibers (Type I fibers)

Tend to be aerobic

Have more endurance

Have many mitochondria

Dark in color because they contain
myoglobin

Highly resistant to fatigue
Muscle Responses in the Body

Intermediate-twitch fibers (Type IIa

fibers)

All the same features as slow-twitch
fibers, but much faster.

Called fast aerobic fibers.

Used in moderate activity
Muscle Responses In the Body

Fast-twitch fibers (Type IIb fibers)

Tend to be anaerobic

Designed for strength

Light in color

Have fewer mitochondria, little or no
myoglobin, and fewer blood vessels than
fast-twitch fibers

Vulnerable to accumulation of lactic acid
and can fatigue easily
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Basic Principles
Origin attachment of a muscle to
the immovable bone
Insertion attachment of a muscle to
the bone that moves
Prime mover muscle that does most
of the work in a movement
Synergist muscles that assist the
prime mover
Antagonists muscles that work
opposite one another to bring about
movement in opposite directions
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Naming Muscles
Size
Shape
Direction of fibers
Location
Attachment
Number of attachments
Action
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Muscles of the Head

Muscles of Facial Expression

Frontalis

Orbicularis oculi

Orbicularis oris

Buccinator

Zygomaticus
Muscles of Mastication

Masseter muscles

Temporalis muscles
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Muscles of the Neck

Swallowing

Tongue and buccinators

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Palatini muscles

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Muscles that move the head

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius muscles
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Muscles of the Trunk

Muscles of the thoracic wall

External intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

Internal intercostal muscles
Muscles of the abdominal wall

External and internal obliques

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles that move the scapula

Trapezius

Serratus anterior
Muscles that move the arm

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Muscles of the Arm

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Triceps brachii
o Muscles of the Forearm
Flexor carpi and extensor carpi
Flexor digitorum and extensor
digitorum
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

o Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb

Muscles that move the thigh

Iliopsoas

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Adductor group muscles
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

Muscles that move the leg

Quadriceps femoris group
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

Sartorius

Hamstring group
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Skeletal Muscles of the Body

Muscles that move the ankle and foot

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

Flexor and extensor digitorum longus
Effects of Aging

o Muscle mass and strength tend to

decrease
o Endurance decreases
o Exercise at any age can stimulate
muscle buildup
Homeostasis

o Cardiac muscle contraction forces blood into

the arteries and arterioles
o Smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles help
maintain blood pressure
o Smooth muscle contraction moves food along
the digestive tract and assists in the voiding of
urine
o Skeletal muscles protect internal organs and
stabilizes joints
o Skeletal muscles are active during breathing
o Heat produced by skeletal muscle contraction
helps maintain normal body temperature
o Skeletal muscle contraction allows us to
relocate our bodies