KINETIC

THEORY
OF GASES

Lecture 10
MF006 General
Physics 1
 KINETIC THEORY OF
GASES

Mole & Avogadros

Number

Gas Laws

Ideal Gas Law

Kinetic theory
of Gases
 MOLE & AVOGADRO
1 mol is the number of atoms in a 12 g
sample of Carbon-12.
Avogadro number, NA = 6.02 x 1023
particles per mol
Molar mass (molecular mass), M = NA
m ; where m is mass of single molecule.
 MOLE & AVOGADRO
The number of moles, n contained in a
sample is equal to the number of
particles, N (atom/molecules) in the
sample divided by the number of particles
per mole NA.
m sample mass in gram
n
M mass per mole, g / mol

N number of gas molecules

n
N A Avogadro number

where NA = 6.02 x 1023 particles/mol

 GAS : BOYLES LAW
When you squeeze a fixed quantity of gas
into a smaller volume the pressure goes
up.
This rule is known as Boyles law.
GAS : BOYLES LAW
 GAS : BOYLES LAW
Example:
A kit used to fix flat tires consists of an
aerosol can containing compressed air
and a patch to seal the hole in the tire.
Suppose 5 liters of air at atmospheric
pressure (1 atm) is compressed into a 0.5
liter aerosol can. What is the pressure of
the compressed air in the can?
Assume no change in temperature or
mass.
(Given 1 L = 1 x 10-3 m3 ; 1 atm = 1.01 x
105 Pa)
 GAS : PRESSURE LAW

The pressure of a gas

is affected by
temperature changes.
If the mass and
volume are kept
constant, the
pressure goes up
when the temperature
goes up, and down
when the temperature
goes down.
GAS : PRESSURE LAW
 GAS : PRESSURE LAW
Any time we apply gas laws, the
temperature must be in Kelvins (K).
Only the Kelvin scale starts from
absolute zero, when energy of particles
is theoretically zero.
 GAS : CHARLES LAW
According to Charles law, the volume of
a gas increases with increasing
temperature.
Volume decreases with decreasing
temperature.
 GAS : CHARLES LAW

A hot-air balloon floats because the air

inside is less dense than the air outside.
GAS LAW

General Gas Law

PV/T=Constant
Kinetic Theory

Boyles Law

Pressure Law Charles Law

New Scale -- Kelvin

Temperature Scale
 IDEAL GAS LAW
The ideal gas law combines the
pressure, volume, and temperature
relations for a gas into one equation
which also includes the mass of the
gas.
In physics and engineering, mass (m) is
used for the quantity of gas.
In chemistry, the ideal gas law is usually
written in terms of the number of moles
of gas (n) instead of the mass (m).
IDEAL GAS LAW

The gas
constants are
different because
the size and
mass of gas
molecules are
different.
 IDEAL GAS LAW
If the number of moles and temperature
are kept constant, the product of
pressure times volume stays the same.

Universal gas
Pressure
constant (8.31 J
(N/m2)
mol-1 K-1)
PV=nRT
Volume (m3) Absolute
Number Temperature (K)
of moles
of gas
 IDEAL GAS LAW
pV nRT From the equation
m formed, a terms of
pV RT
M constant , known as the
N Boltzmann constant, k
pV RT R
Na iskdefined
as follow:
R NA
pV NT 8.31J / mol K 1
Na k
pV NkT 6.02 10 23 mol 1
k 1.38 10 23 J / K

A real gas behave as ideal gas at:

(a) low pressure
(b) very high temperature
 IDEAL GAS LAW
Example:

A cylinder contains 1.5 L of oxygen at

20oC. Its pressure was kept at 5 atm. Find
its number of moles contained inside the
cylinder.
(Given 1 L = 1 x 10-3 m3; T= 0oC = 273K; 1
atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa )
 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
The assumption of the kinetic-molecular
model
(a)Gas contains many molecules moving
randomly and making elastic collision
with the wall of the container.
(b)The intermolecular forces are
negligible.
(c)The volume of the molecules is
negligible compared to the volume of
the container.
(d)The time of collision is negligible
compared to the time between
collision.
(e)The motion of molecules obey the
 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
The distribution of particle speeds in an
ideal gas at constant temperature is the
Maxwell distribution. Kinetic theory of
gases indicates that Kelvin temperature
(T) of an ideal gas is related to the
average translational kinetic energy (KE)
v = root mean square speed
of a particle.
rms

3RT
v rms
M
k = Boltzmann constant
The internal energy, U of n moles of a
monoatomic ideal gas is

U = 3/2 nRT
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Example:
An empty container contains air
molecules inside. The pressure of the air
within the container is 3.125 x 10 Pa.
Find the number of moles of air that
exists in this container which has a
volume of 50 x 10-6 m3 and heated up to a
temperature of 40C?

What is the mass of the air existing under

the conditions given in above? Assume
that the molecular weight, M for the air is
 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Example:
Find the change in the internal energy
when the temperature of 3 moles of
monoatomic ideal gas is reduced from Ti
= 540 K to Tf = 350 K.