Finete Element

NOBILITY IN THOUGHTS
BELIEF IN ACTION
AIMED IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION

INTRODUCTION TO THE FINITE ELEMENT
METHOD
Why the need for orthodontists to know about
FEM?
An increase in the scope for research
A need for basic understanding about the engineering

areas of application.
SCOPE OF THE TALK
An overview of FEA and its increasing role in
research
To understand the capabilities and the limitations
The role of a clinician in a research study involving
FEA
Studies in various branches of Medicine and

dentistry involving FEA
SCOPE OF THE TALK
Usage of FEA in Orthodontics
Sources of understanding FEA
An introduction to Rapid Prototyping
Uses of Rapid Prototyping in Dentistry

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
An amalgamation of the medical and

engineering specialties
-- The human genome project
-- CAD/CAM and other

computerised
application areas
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Basic Research Clinical
Combination
BASIC RESEARCH
Experimental
Numerical Analytical
---FEA
---NON-FEA
WHAT IS FEA?
It is a means of discretizing a continuous
structure into sub-domains called Finite
Elements.
WHAT IS FEA?
Essentially an attempt at simulating a
physical object and analysing its
behaviour when subjected to various
circumstances
WHY FEA?
Accuracy
Reproducibility
No usage of materials
Generation of intra-material results

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS(FEA)
Termed by Clough in 1960
Gained popularity in the civil and the

Aerospace industry
First introduced to the dental arena in
the 1970s
Growth model documented by MOSS in
1980.
Current upsurge in interest due to
a)Potential of applicability
b)Desktop management
Basic steps---
a)Pre-processing
b)Processing
c)Post-processing
Pre-Processing basically involves
modelling of the structure being
studied.
Probably the most crucial step.

Pre-Processing --- Newer possibilities of
modelling of complex structures
a)3-D CT scanning
b)3-D Laser scanner
c)Voxel modelling
In Pre-processing, the structure being

studied is discretised into smaller
units termed the elements.
Each element is free to get displaced in

all the three planes of space.
The element co-ordinates (x,y,z) can be

either
a) Global Co-ordinate system or
b) The Local Co-ordinate system

Various categories of elements exist.
Examples are
--- Shell element
---Beam element
---Truss element etc.

EXAMPLES OF ELEMENTS
These elements are connected at certain

points termed Nodes.
The joining of elements into nodes and

eliminating duplicate nodes is termed as
Meshing
The mesh size is a crucial determinant of

the accuracy of the result.
However, it is inversely related to the time

involved in the analysis.
The meshed model is now a free floating

body. To simulate the exact structure,
the material properties are assigned
and boundary conditions enforced.
Material properties : The minimum
properties to be assigned are a) The
Modulus of elasticity and b)Poissons
ratio.
Material properties : Modulus of

elasticity(Youngs modulus)refers to the
stiffness of the material within its
elastic range.
E = Stress
Strain
Modulus of elasticity of dental structures

are :
a) Enamel --- 65 GPa
b) Dentin -- 15 GPa
c) Alveolar bone 10 GPa
d) Periodontal ligament 0.05 GPa

Material properties : Poissons ratio

denotes the strain imposed on the
material relative to the axis of the load
applied.
P = Strain perp. to the force

------------------------------------
Strain parallel to the force
Poissons ratio for dental structures are:
a) Enamel -- 0.32
b) Dentin -- 0.28
c) Alveolar bone - 0.33
d) Periodontal ligament-- 0.3

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA)
After assigning the material properties,

the material is constrained identical to
the real situation.
The freedom of the body to be displaced is

termed as the degrees of freedom.
Each element has six degrees of freedom.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA)
The final step in Pre-processing is the

application of loads. These can be either
force or moments and be directed at any
node in all the three planes of space.
What Does The Computer Do During The
Processing?
a) Solving of differential equations.
b) Assemblage into matrices
c) Summation of the matrix equations

The equation for the simplest linear static
analysis is represented as :
[F] = {K} {u}
The non-linear analysis is solved usually
by what is termed as the Newton-
Raphson method
Post-Processing --
a) Graphical output
b) Numerical output
c) Animated output
Post-Processing --
a) Graphical output
b) Numerical output
c) Animated output
ROLE OF A MEDICAL OR A DENTAL
PROFESSIONAL DURING A RESEARCH
WORK INVOLVING FEA
Planning a feasible study
Software to be used
Type of Model 2-D or 3-D
Type of analysis
ROLE OF A MEDICAL OR A DENTAL
PROFESSIONAL DURING A RESEARCH
WORK INVOLVING FEA
Software to be used
Accuracy
Analysis modules
Mainframe capabilities
AREAS OF APPLICATIONS
BIOMECHANICAL MECHANICAL
Orthodontics
Prosthodontics
Oral Surgery
Periodontics
ORTHODONTIC USAGE
Alternative to cephalometry
Growth assessment
Stress pattern generation

ORTHODONTIC USAGE
Limitations of conventional
cephalometry in establishing the
exact areas of growth .
Advantages of FEM in Growth studies

ORTHODONTIC USAGE
Melvin Moss used the concept of

Growth tensors.
Tensors, although being abstract

entities, are able to pinpoint the local
growth extensions(strains)
CONCEPT OF GROWTH TENSORS
CONCEPT OF GROWTH TENSORS
ORTHODONTIC USAGE
Stress pattern generation ---
Nasomaxillary region
Mandible and condyle
Dento-alveolar
Attachments and other
materials
ORTHODONTIC USAGE
Nasomaxillary region
MODELLING OF THE MANDIBLE
ANALYSIS OF THE MANDIBLE
MODELLING OF HUMAN TEETH
LOSS OF ATTACHMENT AND ITS RELATION TO
THE M/F RATIOS
RELEVANCE OF USING TPA AS A SOURCE OF
ANCHORAGE
MODELLING OF ORTHODONTIC
BRACKETS
ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN ORTHODONTIC
BRACKETS
ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN ORTHODONTIC
BRACKETS AND ADHESIVES

R F
A MODELLED STANDARD LOOP

DISPLACED SHAPE OF THE LOOP
T Loop and L loop with angulated legs
T Loop and L loop with angulated legs
A NEW FINDING
PROSTHODONTIC USAGE
Edentulous jaws
Complete dentures
Over-dentures
Crowns and Fixed partial

dentures
Implants
STRESS ANALYSIS OF A CAST
RESTORATION
MODELLING OF AN IMPLANT IN THE
MANDIBLE
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLANT
ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
Surgical stresses generated
Stresses in the TMJ
Distraction osteogenesis stresses

MODELLING OF THE HUMAN TMJ
THE MODELLED TMJ
ANALYSIS OF THE TMJ- NORMAL MOVEMENTS
ANALYSIS OF THE TMJ - ENFORCED MOVEMENTS
PERIODONTICS
Stresses in the periodontium
Changes due to loss of bone support
Designing of oral resonators

ANALYSIS OF RESONATORS
USES OF FEA IN PALEONTOLOGY
-- A MODELLED DINOSAUR CRANIUM
SOURCES OF DATA
INTERNET www.femur.wpi.edu
www.anamedic.com
www.feainfo.com
TEXTS : - Chandrupatla et.al
Lakshminarayan H.V
Champion Jr.
RAPID PROTOTYPING
This refers to the process of
production of any physical object
scanned via special devices.

RAPID PROTOTYPING
USES:
a) Instrument designing
b) Maxillofacial surgery
c) Implantology
RAPID PROTOTYPING
Output generation
a) 3-D printing
b) Stereolithography
c) Vacuum casting
Facility of Rapid Prototyping available at

the
IISC, Bangalore
USES OF RAPID PROTOTYPING
--CRANIOFACIAL DEFECTS
USES OF RAPID PROTOTYPING
APPLICATIONS OF RAPID PROTOTYPING
APPLICATIONS OF RAPID PROTOTYPING
CONCLUSION
The interaction of Dental and

Engineering fields is at a new helm;
we have tried to initiate a fruitful
togetherness.
THANK YOU

Finete Element

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NOBILITY IN THOUGHTS

AIMED IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION

An increase in the scope for research

A need for basic understanding about the engineering

An overview of FEA and its increasing role in

To understand the capabilities and the limitations

The role of a clinician in a research study involving

Studies in various branches of Medicine and

Usage of FEA in Orthodontics

Sources of understanding FEA

An introduction to Rapid Prototyping

Uses of Rapid Prototyping in Dentistry

An amalgamation of the medical and

-- The human genome project

-- CAD/CAM and other

Basic Research Clinical

It is a means of discretizing a continuous

structure into sub-domains called Finite

Essentially an attempt at simulating a

physical object and analysing its

behaviour when subjected to various

Generation of intra-material results

Termed by Clough in 1960

Gained popularity in the civil and the

First introduced to the dental arena in

Growth model documented by MOSS in

Current upsurge in interest due to

Pre-Processing basically involves

modelling of the structure being

Probably the most crucial step.

Pre-Processing --- Newer possibilities of

modelling of complex structures

b)3-D Laser scanner

In Pre-processing, the structure being

Each element is free to get displaced in

The element co-ordinates (x,y,z) can be

a) Global Co-ordinate system or

b) The Local Co-ordinate system

Various categories of elements exist.

--- Shell element

---Truss element etc.

These elements are connected at certain

The joining of elements into nodes and

The mesh size is a crucial determinant of

However, it is inversely related to the time

The meshed model is now a free floating

Material properties : The minimum

properties to be assigned are a) The

Modulus of elasticity and b)Poissons

Material properties : Modulus of

Modulus of elasticity of dental structures

a) Enamel --- 65 GPa

c) Alveolar bone 10 GPa

d) Periodontal ligament 0.05 GPa

Material properties : Poissons ratio

P = Strain perp. to the force

Poissons ratio for dental structures are:

c) Alveolar bone - 0.33

d) Periodontal ligament-- 0.3

After assigning the material properties,

The freedom of the body to be displaced is

Each element has six degrees of freedom.

The final step in Pre-processing is the

What Does The Computer Do During The