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Magnified section of a
polished steel surface Computer graphic from
showing surface bumps a simulation showing gold
about 5 x 10-7 m (500 nm) atoms (below) adhering to
high, which corresponds the point of a sharp nickel
to several thousand probe (above) that has
atomic diameters. been in contact with the
gold surface.
Friction
Frictional forces are always in the
direction that is opposite to the
direction of motion or to the net force
that produces the motion.
Friction acts parallel to the surfaces in
contact.
Types of Friction
Static friction: maximum frictional force
between stationary objects.
Until some maximum value is reached and
motion occurs, the frictional force is
whatever force is necessary to prevent
motion.
Static friction will oppose a force until such
time as the object breaks away from the
surface with which it is in contact.
The force that is opposed is that
component of an applied force that is
parallel to the surface of contact.
Types of Friction
The magnitude of the static friction force Ffs
has a maximum value which is given by:
Ff s s FN
where s is the coefficient of static friction
and FN is the magnitude of the normal force
on the body from the surface.
Types of Friction
Sliding or kinetic friction: frictional force
between objects that are sliding with respect
to one another.
Once enough force has been applied to the object
to overcome static friction and get the object to
move, the friction changes to sliding (or kinetic)
friction.
Sliding (kinetic) friction is less than static friction.
If the component of the applied force on the object
(parallel to the surface) exceeds Ffs then the
magnitude of the opposing force decreases rapidly
to a value Fk given by:
Fk k FN
where k is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Static Friction
The static frictional force keeps an object from
starting to move when a force is applied. The static
frictional force has a maximum value, but may take on
any value from zero to the maximum, depending on
what is needed to keep
the sum of forces zero.
Types of Friction
Friction
Static Friction
Kinetic Friction
Fpush f k k FN
Kinetic Friction and Speed
The kinetic frictional force is also
independent of the relative speed of the
surfaces, and of their area of contact.
Rolling Friction
Horizontal Surface Constant Speed
Constant speed:
a = O m/s2.
The normal force
pressing the
surfaces together is
the weight; Fn = Fw
Fx m a Ff Ff
k
Fx Ff m a Fn Fw
Fx Ff 0 N Ff k Fw
Fx Ff Fx Ff k Fw
Horizontal Surface: a > O m/s2
Fx Ff
Fx m a
Fx Ff m a
Fn Fw
Ff Ff
k
Fn Fw
Ff k Fw
Horizontal Surface: a > O m/s2
If solving for:
Fx: Fx m a Ff
Fx m a k Fw
Fx m a k m g
F f: Ff Fx m a
Fx Ff
a: a
m
Horizontal Surface: Skidding to a
Stop or Slowing Down (a < O m/s2)
The frictional force is responsible for the
negative acceleration.
Generally, there is no Fx.
Ff m a
Fn Fw
Ff Ff
k
Fn Fw
Ff k Fw
Horizontal Surface: Skidding to a
Stop or Slowing Down (a < O m/s2)
F y m a y 0 F x m ax
Fn m g 0 Fn m g f k k m g m ax ax k g
y - axis : FN Fw cos
x - axis : f s s FN Fw
sin
fs Fw sin
s
Fn Fw cos
sin
s tan
cos
Down an Inclined Plane
If the object slides down the incline at constant speed
(a = 0 m/s2), the relation between and the kinetic
coefficient of friction k:
m
Fx Ff m 0 2
s
Fx Ff 0 N
Fx Ff
Ff Fx Fw sin sin
k tan
Fn Fy Fw cos cos
k tan
Down an Inclined Plane
To determine the angle of the
incline:
If moving:
1
tan k
If at rest:
1
tan s
Example: A Sliding Coin
A hardcover book is resting on a
tabletop with its front cover facing upward.
You place a coin on the cover and very
slowly open the book until the coin starts
to slide. The angle is the angle of the
cover just before the coin begins to slide.
Find the coefficient of static friction s
between the coin and book.
F y m a y
Fn m g cos 0 or FN g cos
m
f s s FN at , so f s s m g cos
F x m ax
m g sin
fs 0 or f s gsin
m
Free-body diagram
m g sin f s m g sin
s m g cos
0;
sin
s tan ; arctan s arctan(0.80) 38.7
cos
Non-Parallel Applied Force on Ramp
If an applied force acts on the box
at an angle above the
horizontal, resolve FA into parallel FA sin( + )
mg
s
Non-Parallel Applied Force on Ramp
FA sin( + )
FA
N
fk
FA cos( + )
mg sin
mg
Up an Inclined Plane
Up an Inclined Plane
Resolve Fw into Fx and Fy.
The angle of the incline is always
equal to the angle between Fw and
Fy.
Fw is always the hypotenuse of the
right triangle formed by Fw, Fx, and
Fy. Fy Fx
cos sin
Fw Fw
Fy Fw cos
Fx Fw sin
Up an Inclined Plane
Fa is the force that must be applied
in the direction of motion.
Fa must overcome both friction and
the x-component of the weight.
The force pressing the surfaces
together is Fy.
Up an Inclined Plane
Fn Fy
Fx m a
For constant
Fa Ff Fx m a speed, a = 0 m/s2.
Fa Ff Fx F a = Fx + Ff
a
m
Ff Ff For a > 0 m/s2.
k Fa = Fx + Ff + (ma)
Fn Fy
Ff k Fy
Pulling an Object on a Flat Surface
Pulling an Object on a Flat Surface
The pulling force F
is resolved into Fx
and Fy.
Fx
cos
F
Fy
sin
F
Fx F cos
Fy F sin
Pulling an Object on a Flat Surface
Fy 0 N
Fn is the force that
the ground exerts Fn Fy Fw 0 N
upward on the Fn Fw Fy
mass. Fn equals the
Ff Ff
downward weight Fw k
minus the upward Fn Fw Fy
force Fy from the Ff k (Fw Fy )
pulling force.
Fx m a
For constant speed,
Fx Ff m a
a = 0 m/s2.
Fx Ff
a
m
Example: Pulling A Sled
Two children sitting on a sled at rest in the
snow ask you to pull them. You pull on the
sleds rope, which makes an angle of 40 with
the horizontal. The children have a combined
mass of 45 kg, and the sled has a mass of
5.0 kg. The coefficients of static and kinetic
friction are s=0.20 and k=0.15, and the sled
is initially at rest.
Find the acceleration of the sled and children if
the rope tension is 100 N.
F y m a y FN T sin m g m
0 or FN m g T sin
FN 50kg 9.8 m 100 N sin 40 425.72 N
s2
F x max T cos f k m a x
fk
k f k k FN 0.15 425.72 N 63.86 N
FN
100 N cos 40 63.86 N
100 N cos 40 63.86 N 50kg ax ax 0.2549 m
50kg s2
Simultaneous Pulling and Pushing an Object
on a Flat Surface
Simultaneous Pulling and Pushing an Object
on a Flat Surface
Fy 0 N
Fn Fy Fw 0 N
Fn Fw Fy
Fx
cos Ff Ff
F k
Fn
Fw Fy
Fy Ff k (Fw Fy )
sin
F Fx m a
Fx F cos Fx Fpush Ff m a
Fx Fpush Ff
Fy F sin a
m
Pushing an Object on a Flat Surface
Pushing an Object on a Flat Surface
F m1 a
T1 T2 Ff1 m1 a
T1 may not be a
tension, but could be
an applied force (Fa)
that causes motion.
Pulling and Tension
m2 = mass
F m 2 a
T2 Ff 2 m 2 a
Pulling and Tension
This problem can often be solved as a
system of equations:
T1 T2 Ff1 m1 a
T2 Ff 2 m 2 a
Fw 2 m 2 g F m a
F m 2 a Fn1 Fw1
Fw 2 T m 2 a Ff Fn1
m2 g T m2 a T-Ff m1 a
The acceleration a of both
masses is the same.
Revisiting Tension and Friction
m2 g m1 a Ff m2 a
m2 g Ff m2 a m1 a
m2 g Ff
a
m2 m1
Example: A Sliding Block
A block of mass m2 = 5.0 kg has been
adjusted so that the block m1 = 7.0 kg
is just on the verge of sliding.
(a)What is the coefficient of static
friction ms between the table and the
block?
F y FN m1 g m1 a y 0 so FN m1 g
F x T f m1 ax 0 so f s FN s m1 g T
F x' m2 g T m2 ax ' 0 so T m2 g
m2 g m2 5kg
Therefore, s m1 g m2 g; s
0.71
m2 g m2 7kg
Example: A Sliding Block
(b) With a slight push, the blocks move with
acceleration a. Find a if k = 0.54.
F x T f m1 ax so T k m1 g m
1 a
x
T m1 ax k m1 g
F x' m2 g T m2 ax ' T m2 g m
2 a
x'
ax ax ' a
T=T, therefore, m1 a k m1 g m
2 g m2 a
m1 a m2 a m2 g k m1 g
g (m2 k m1 )
a
(m1 m2 )
9.8 m/s 2 5.0 kg 0.54
7.0 kg
a 1.0 m/s 2
7.0 kg 5.0 kg
Normal Force Not Associated with Weight.
friction
applied force
normal weight
FN = applied force
Friction is Always Parallel to
Surfaces.
In this case, for the block
to remain in position
against the wall without
moving: Ff
the upward frictional
force Ff has to be equal
F
and opposite to the
downward weight Fw.
The rightward applied
FN
force F has to be equal
ad opposite to the
leftward normal force FN. FW
(0.20)