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of Health Education
Methods and Media of Health Education
Methods of health education are the
techniques or ways in which series of
activities are carried out to communicate
ideas, information, and develop necessary
attitudes and skills. Broadly we can classify
the methods into three different categories,
which are described below:
1. Individual method
2. Group method
3. Mass method
Contd.
1. Individual method
This method involves person-person
or face-to face communication, which
provides maximum opportunity for
two-way flow of ideas, knowledge,
and information. Adequate
interaction between the health
educator and his client help provide
health education successfully
resulting and expected behavior
change. The examples of individual
Contd..
2. Group Method
This method involves a group of limited persons in
teaching-learning situation who have some kind of
health education need about certain health
problem. This small group also can get some
opportunity to ask questions and shares ideas,
information and experiences. In spite of the
advantage of individual methods a health educator
cannot use them because of time limitation and
shortage of manpower. So it will be more
practicable for him to provide health education in
group situations as well. Examples of group
methods are, demonstration, group discussion,
role playing, panel discussion, study trip, project
assignment, symposium, case study, mini lecture,
training workshop etc
Contd.
3. Mass Method
This method is especially meant for a large
number of heterogeneous people. Such group of
people is commonly termed as mass. Because
of the nature of mass a health educator may
have quite a problem to provide health
education by this method. Because of its
complexity there is no opportunity for two-way
communication between the teacher and
learners. This methods helps in reaching broad
section of the target population at a time and
makes them aware of their health problem.
Example of mass method are lecture or public
speech, exhibition, campaign etc.
Methods of Health
Education
Individual
Methods
Interview
Counselling
Group Methods Symposium
Demonstration Brain Storming
Role Playing Buzz Session
Group Discussion Workshop
Panel Discussion Study trip
Project
assisgnment
Mass Methods
6
Lecture
Interview
7
Contd..
Interview
Interview means to meet and talk
each other and collect information
and provide suggestion tactfully. In
this process there occurs some
exchange of ideas between the
interviewer and interviewee. In a way
it is the process of providing health
education through question and
answer between the health educator
and learner.
5. Advantages -
Disatvantages
Advantages
Helpful to know individuals knowledge, attitudes and
behaviour
Helpful for Intensive and systematic teaching with
exchange of ideas and feelings
Easy to conduct with less cost and limited fascilities
except in few extensive formal interview.
Even illiterate person can be interviewed and taught
Helpful to reach a better conclusion for the solution of
the problem
Diadvantages
Time consuming
Small range of people covered
Some extensive formal interview may be costly 9
Counselling
10
Counselling
Definition
..is the process of encouraging and
helping individuals in identifying:
his or her health problem,
the cause of the problem,
the ways of the solution
and also encourages taking necessary
actions to solve it.
11
Settings
Hospital
Important for chronic or uncureable diseases,
or psychosocial problems
School
Important in connection with drug abuse or
excessive dinking and smoking
Home
Important for e.g. breastfeeding, immunization,
family planning, sanitation, smoking, drinking
and even HIV-Aids
12
Techniques of counselling
Building rapport
Identifying clients need or problem
No advice, but provision of information
to facilitate the decicion of the client
Maintaining patience
Keeping secret
Maintaining confidence
Follow up
To be planned with the client
13
Approach /Method of
counseling
GATHER
G-Greet the client
A-Ask about their problem
T- tell the client about detail
information
H-Help to make decisions
E-Explain about any
misunderstanding
R-Return to follow up
ABHIBADAN
A-
BHI-
BA-
DA-
N-
ABHIBADAN approach:-
A:- Abhibatan i.e. to greet
namaskar .
Bhi:- bhinna nathani sodhpuch
garne i.e. asking without
discrimination .
By :- Baadha hataune i.e. to
deal with problems .
D:- Dutta chitta bhai sahyog
garhe i.e. help whole heartedly.
N:- Namaskar gardai punnah
auna anurodh garne i.e. big
Qualities of counsellor
she/he should be:
Friendly, sincere, cooperative and social
Capabel of judging things closely and in
detail
Patient to listen
Dealing with problem with respect
Able to convince his client to take necessary
actions to solve his health problem
17
Advantages - Disatvantages
Advantages
Counselling is helpful in dealing with the individual
client and motivate him to take necessary action to
solve his health problem.
Provides maximum opportunity for feed back and
helps to maintain two way communication process.
Enables to solve even serious or complicated health
problems
Even illiterate people can be taught by this method
Easy to make follow-up studies on the basis of
counselling records
Disadvantages
Time consuming
Small range of people covered
Difficult to maintain patience 18
GROUP METHOD
Demonstration
..process of providing knowledge and
skills as well as developing attitudes
through the manipulation of
appropriate teaching device or
materials.
Teaching by demonstration involves
Verbal and visual explanation of facts
And process which takes about 45
Minutes to complete the demons-
tration but depends upon the nature
20
Of topic and number of learners.
Examples for
Demonstrations
On:
Food preparation
Preparation of oral rehydration solution
Artificial respiration
Proper bathing of child
Correct use of contraceptives
21
Organizing and conducting
1. Slection of topic
2. Preparation for demonstration
Check list
Procedure
3. Starting and conducting
4. End
Summary
22
Advantages - Disatvantages
Advantages
Demonstration is very much helpful to know individual
knowledge,attitude and practice.
Develops skills
It is very effective teaching learning method due to various
learning experiences like seeing,hearing,tasting, feeling
and smelling depending upon the topic of demonstration.
It is cheap,practicable,accessible and useful for different
categories of learners.
It is helpful to reach a better coclusion for problem solving.
Disadvantages
Time consuming
Difficult to find necessary equipment
Not appropriate in case of cognitive topic
Sometime teaching may not be effective due to lack of
attractive and interesting materials
23
Role playing
24
Role playing
26
Advantages - Disatvanages
Advantages
Gives learners opportunity to express ideas
Enables learners to see things through the
eyes of others
Develops power of quick thinking and
expression
Active learning opportunity
Inexpensive
Suitable in different situations...
Disadvantages
Taken as a recreational activity and no
educational effect
Not everybody is an actor
Not everybody can participate 27
Group discussion
28
Group discussion
Verbal exchange of knowledge, ideas,
experiences to achieve the objectives..
to identify health problems and solve them
Max. 1 hour
Ideal group: 6-12 members,
according to J. James: 8-9
enough to get a variety of opinions
29
Process of Group Discussion
Introduction
Getting familar with topic
Establish good norms (rules and
procedures)
Participation
Reaching consensus in goal
achievment
30
Members of group and their
role
Leader or Chairperson
Recorder
General Members
31
Advantages - Disadvantages
Advantages
Develops creativity
Helps learners to a group decision and solve
their common problem
Lerners are active
Helps to develop positive attitude to working
together
Disadvantages
Self-conscious members may not have a chance
Prolonged discussion without being fruitful
32
Panel discussion
Panel discussion is one of the methods of
group teaching. It can beadopted both for
school students and community people in
order toprovide health education.
The panel members will be a group of
expertsnormally 3 or 4 persons who
themselves enter into question and
answerprocess regarding a specific topic of
discussion.
The health educatorcan manage to identify
and bring the experts. He can work as
acoordinator to introduce topic and the
experts, and also help conductthe discussion.
Advantages
1.Provides varied knowledge, ideas and
experiences about thesubject of concern to
the learners.
2.Interesting and .can draw attention of the
audience or learners.
3.Learners get opportunity to ask questions
and pass comments, which help,in teaching-
learning process.
Disadvantages
1.Sometimes it is difficult to get the
appropriate experts.
2.Difficult to set definite time to suit the
experts.
Symposium
A series of formal lectures/speech/ talks
presented as a systematic manner by different
experts/speakers by dividing and convening
subject matter into many phases of the same
subject matter is called symposium.
The numbers of speakers may vary from 2-5. Each
speaker is expected to highlight his/her point
within the stipulated time which takes normally 15
to 25 minutes
In a ideal symposium there is no discussion in
between the presentation of speakers. usually the
audience are passive and are expected to raise
the questions or queries at the end of the session.
Contd.
Advantages
The symposium provides concise information to the
audience at a time.
The frequent change of speakers keeps the audience alert
during presentation.
It develops the habit of listening and critical thinking.
It doesnt require special kinds of materials and equipment.
Disadvantages
Symposium method of teaching is a non participation of
the audiences.
Difficulty to get appropriate experts
It may be more time consuming
It needs more planning.
Difficult to adjust time at the convenience of the experts.
Study Trip
What is study trip?
A study trip is a planned visit to a place outside the
classroom to provide practical knowledge in real
situation. It is also called a field trip or an educational
excursion or an educational tour.
The participants of a study trip are
primarily observers and not doers. They
learn through observation of real situation.
This is learning through direct experience
in real life situation.
What should be done during the
study trip?
1. Brief the guide on the purpose of the trip,
points of interest, and the nature of the
student group
2. Make sure that every student can hear what
the guide has said. Students must also see the
things and ask question to clarify their doubts.
3. Teacher should regularly check the group to
make sure that nobody has been left behind
4. Provide short rest after the tour.
5. Arrange on-the-spot discussion during the
trip to exchange knowledge, ideas and
experiences.
6. The trip should not be heavily instructional
and dull. Some entertainments through
songs, dances and games could be
encouraged.
What should be done after the study
trip?
1. Follow-up discussion to evaluate the
achievements. Give students a chance
to talk about their experience and to
exchange their ideas and views. See if
the objectives are met. Both the
students and supervisor teacher should
join the discussion session.
2. Encourage students to put into practice
of what has been learnt. Learning
should have practical implication.
3. Prepare a brief report of the trip to help
improve future trip.
Problems and limitations of study
trip
1. Difficult to organize in terms of money,
time and other facilities.
2. There may be problem in establishing
coordination with concerned agencies or
authorities.
3. Cannot be organized for every kind of
learning group, for every kind of topic or
subject, and in all situations.
Buzz session
Buzz session is just brief meeting of few
people to bring quick ideas and help the group
to make a decision. The Whole group will be
divided into smaller buzz groups to buzz
together about a problem and produce some
ideas to solve it. The collected ideas are
brought forth to the original group by the
leader of each buzz group .
A health educator can adopt this method of
buzz session to encourage the learners to think
and express quickly .It is also a good teaching
method with learners active participation.
Contd..
Advantages
Help to pull out different ideas from
different member of the learner group.
Helps to reach to fruitful group discussion.
Practicable to conduct. No need of special
arrangement and pre-planning.
Disadvantages
Does not provide adequate time to think
and discuss
Sometimes the ideas collected may not be
relevant to the solution of the problem.
Brainstorming
Brain storming is also called Creative
Ideation. This is a modern method of
eliciting from the participants , their ideas
and solutions on debatable issues or
current problems .
Instead of discussing a problem at great
length the participants in brain storming
session are encouraged to make a list in a
short period of time all the ideas that come
to their mind regarding some problems
without debating amongst themselves
about the pros and cons of their own ideas.
Advantages
Brainstorming is helpful for exploring the
ideas openly without fear of criticism.
It makes perfect or qualified to learner for
problem solving
It makes success participants to exchange
the idea.
Disadvantages
Brainstorming process is time consuming.
It may be difficult to conduct because of
immediately collect the explorer ideas by
participants.
Workshop
Disadvantages
Television
Television has become the most popular of all
media. It is effective not only creating
awareness, but also to an extent influencing
public opinion and introducing new ways of
life. It is raising levels of understanding and
helping people familiarise with things they
have not seen before, including crime and
violence which are shown as part of feature
programmes. TV is a one - way channel. It can
only be an aid to teaching. It cannot cover all
areas of learning. It has much potential for
health communication.