ECE 476

Power System Analysis

Lecture 13: Power Flow

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
overbye@illinois.edu
Announcements
Please read Chapter 2.4, Chapter 6 up to 6.6
HW 5 is 5.31, 5.43, 3.4, 3.10, 3.14, 3.19, 3.23, 3.60,
6.30 should be done before exam 1
Exam 1 is Thursday Oct 6 in class
Closed book, closed notes, but you may bring one 8.5 by 11
inch note sheet and standard calculators
Last name A-M here, N to Z in ECEB 1013
McKinley Health Center encourages all students to get
their flu shot
Details and clinics at http://mckinley.illinois.edu/fluclinic

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In the News: South Australia
Blackout
On 9/28/16 at 418pm (local time) South Australia
experienced a state-wide blackout
Load at the time of the blackout was 1900 MW (850,000
customers, 1.7 million people)
South Australia was importing
600 MWs from Victoria
Initial investigations
indicate loss of 275 kV
lines due to storms
Some speculation about
wind power fluctuations
being a potential cause
Sources www.aemo.com.au/Media-Centre/Media-Statement-3---South-Australia-Update,
jo.nova.s3.amazonaws.com/graph/energy/electricity/electricity_grid_australia_2009_s.gif
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Value of Electricity and
the Cost of Blackouts
The derived value from electricity (in say $/kWh)
varies widely (e.g., during exams engineering students
value the small kWhs for their calculators very highly)
Costs of blackouts can be quite nonlinear with respect
to extent and duration
Momentary blackouts can have high costs, though this can be
reduced by using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Estimated economic impact of the 8/14/03 blackout
was about $6 billion (50 million people, hours to days)
Annual cost of US blackouts estimated to be $25 to
$200 billion
A source: energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf
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Newton-Raphson Comments
When close to the solution the error decreases quite
quickly -- method has quadratic convergence
f(x(v)) is known as the mismatch, which we would
like to drive to zero
Stopping criteria is when f(x(v)) <
Results are dependent upon the initial guess. What
if we had guessed x(0) = 0, or x (0) = -1?
A solutions region of attraction (ROA) is the set of
initial guesses that converge to the particular
solution. The ROA is often hard to determine

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Multi-Variable Newton-Raphson
Next we generalize to the case where x is an n-
dimension vector, and f (x) is an n-dimension function
x1 f1 ( x)
x f 2 ( x)
x 2 f (x)
M M
x f n ( x)
n
Again define the solution x so f ( x ) 0 and
x x x

6
Multi-Variable Case, contd
The Taylor series expansion is written for each fi (x)
f1 (x) f1 ( x)
f1 (x ) f1 ( x) x1 x2 K
x1 x2
f1 (x)
xn higher order terms
xn
M
f n (x) f n (x)
f n (x ) f n (x) x1 x2 K
x1 x2
f n ( x)
xn higher order terms
xn
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Multi-Variable Case, contd
This can be written more compactly in matrix form
f1 (x) f1 (x)
L
f1 (x)
x x2 xn
1
f1 (x) x1
f (x) f 2 (x) f 2 (x)
L
f 2 (x) x
f (x ) 2 x1 x2 xn 2
M M
f ( x ) M O O M x
n f (x) f n (x) f n (x) n
n L
x1 x2 xn
higher order terms

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Jacobian Matrix
The n by n matrix of partial derivatives is known
as the Jacobian matrix, J (x)
f1 (x) f1 (x)
L
f1 (x)
x x2 xn
1

f 2 (x) f 2 (x)
L
f 2 (x)
J (x) x1 x2 xn

M O O M
f (x) f n (x) f n ( x)
n L
x1 x2 xn

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Multi-Variable Example

x1
Solve for x = such that f ( x) 0 where
x 2
f1 (x) 2 x12 x22 8 0
f 2 (x) x12 x22 x1 x2 4 0
First symbolically determine the Jacobian
f1 (x) f1 ( x)
x x2
1
J (x) =
f 2 (x) f 2 (x)
x1 x2
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Multi-variable Example, contd

4 x1 2 x2
J (x) =
2 x1 x2 x1 2 x2
Then
1
x1 4 x1 2 x2 f 1 (x)
x 2 x x x1 2 x2 f 2 (x)
2 1 2

(0) 1
Arbitrarily guess x
1
1
(1) 1 4 2 5 2.1
x 1 3
1
3 1.3
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Multi-variable Example, contd
1
(2) 2.1
8.40 2.60
2.51 1.8284

x
5.50 0.50 1.45 1.2122

1.3
Each iteration we check f (x) to see if it is below our
specified tolerance
(2) 0.1556
f (x )
0.0900
If = 0.2 then we would be done. Otherwise we'd
continue iterating.

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NR Application to Power Flow
We first need to rewrite complex power equations
as equations with real coefficients
*
n n
Si *
Vi I i Vi YikVk Vi * *
YikVk
k 1 k 1
These can be derived by defining
Yik @ Gik jBik
ji
Vi @ Vi e Vi i
ik @ i k
Recall e j cos j sin
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Real Power Balance Equations
n n
Si Pi jQi Vi Yik*Vk* Vi Vk e jik (Gik jBik )
k 1 k 1
n
Vi Vk (cos ik j sin ik )(Gik jBik )
k 1
Resolving into the real and imaginary parts
n
Pi Vi Vk (Gik cosik Bik sinik ) PGi PDi
k 1
n
Qi Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cosik ) QGi QDi
k 1

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Newton-Raphson Power Flow
In the Newton-Raphson power flow we use Newton's
method to determine the voltage magnitude and angle
at each bus in the power system.
We need to solve the power balance equations
n
Pi Vi Vk (Gik cos ik Bik sin ik ) PGi PDi
k 1
n
Qi Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cos ik ) QGi QDi
k 1

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Power Flow Variables
Assume the slack bus is the first bus (with a fixed
voltage angle/magnitude). We then need to determine
the voltage angle/magnitude at the other buses.
2 P2 (x) PG 2 PD 2
M M

n Pn (x) PGn PDn
x f ( x)
V 2 Q (x) QG 2 QD 2
2
M M

V
n Qn (x) QGn QDn

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N-R Power Flow Solution
The power flow is solved using the same procedure
discussed last time:
Set v 0; make an initial guess of x, x( v )
While f (x( v ) ) Do

x( v 1) x( v ) J (x( v ) ) 1 f (x( v ) )
v v 1
End While

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Power Flow Jacobian Matrix
The most difficult part of the algorithm is determining
and inverting the n by n Jacobian matrix, J (x)
f1 (x) f1 (x)
L
f1 (x)
x x2 xn
1

f 2 (x) f 2 (x)
L
f 2 (x)
J (x) x1 x2 xn

M O O M
f (x) f n (x) f n (x)
n L
x1 x2 xn

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Power Flow Jacobian Matrix, contd
Jacobian elements are calculated by differentiating
each function, fi ( x), with respect to each variable.
For example, if fi (x) is the bus i real power equation
n
fi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik cos ik Bik sin ik ) PGi PDi
k 1
n
fi ( x)
i
Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cos ik )
k 1
k i

fi ( x)
Vi V j (Gik sin ik Bik cos ik ) ( j i )
j
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Two Bus Newton-Raphson Example

For the two bus power system shown below, use the
Newton-Raphson power flow to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and SBase =100MVA.
Line Z = 0.1j

One 1.000 pu Two 1.000 pu

0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR

2 j10 j10
x Ybus
V2 j10 j10
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Two Bus Example, contd
General power balance equations
n
Pi Vi Vk (Gik cos ik Bik sin ik ) PGi PDi
k 1
n
Qi Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cosik ) QGi QDi
k 1
Bus two power balance equations
V2 V1 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 0
2
V2 V1 ( 10cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0 0

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Two Bus Example, contd
P2 (x) V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 0
2
Q2 (x) V2 (10 cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0 0
Now calculate the power flow Jacobian
P2 (x) P2 (x)
V 2
2
J ( x)
Q 2 (x) Q 2 ( x)
V 2
2

10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2

10 V2 sin 2 10 cos 2 20 V2
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Two Bus Example, First Iteration

(0) 0
Set v 0, guess x
1
Calculate

(0)
V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 2.0
f(x ) 2
V2 (10 cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0 1.0
(0) 10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2 10 0
J (x )
10 V2 sin 2 10cos 2 20 V2 0 10
1
(1) 0 10 0 2.0 0.2
Solve x 1.0
0.9
1
0 10
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Two Bus Example, Next Iterations

(1) 0.9 (10sin( 0.2)) 2.0 0.212

f(x ) 2
0.9(10cos( 0.2)) 0.9 10 1.0 0.279
8.82 1.986
J (x(1) ) 1.788 8.199

1
(2) 0.2 8.82 1.986
0.212 0.233
x 1.788 8.199
0.9

0.279




0.8586

(2) 0.0145 (3) 0.236

f(x ) x
0.0190 0.8554
(3) 0.0000906
f(x ) Done! V2 0.8554 13.52
0.0001175
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Two Bus Solved Values

Once the voltage angle and magnitude at bus 2 are

known we can calculate all the other system values,
such as the line flows and the generator reactive
power output
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.855 pu -13.522 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR

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 Two Bus Case Low Voltage Solution
This case actually has two solutions! The second
"low voltage" is found by using a low initial guess.
(0) 0
Set v 0, guess x
0.25
Calculate

(0)
V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 2
f(x ) 2
V2 (10 cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0 0.875
(0) 10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2 2.5 0
J (x )
10 V2 sin 2 10 cos 2 20 V 2 0 5

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Low Voltage Solution, cont'd

1
(1) 0 2.5 0
2 0.8
Solve x 0.075
0.25 0 5 0.875

(2) 1.462 (2) 1.42

(3) 0.921

f (x ) x x
0.534 0.2336 0.220
Low voltage solution
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
831.7 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.261 pu -49.914 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR

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Two Bus Region of Convergence

Slide shows the region of convergence for different initial

guesses of bus 2 angle (x-axis) and magnitude (y-axis)
Red region
converges
to the high
voltage
solution,
while the
yellow region
converges
to the low
voltage
solution
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