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FATHIMA GHALISA.C
M.A AYSHATH RISHANA
PRAJEESH KUMAR C.P
SHARUKH SHAMS
SHAIMA SHARAFUDHEEN.T
SHASMA.M
SHEHMA SHAJAHAN
ZAQIA .K
INTRODUCTION
Town-planningthe art of laying out towns with due care for the health and comfort
of inhabitants, for industrial and commercial efficiency, and for reasonable beauty of
buildingsis an art of intermittent activity.
In many lands and centuriesin ages where civilization has been tinged by an under-
current of barbarismone or both of these conditions have been absent. In Asia
during much of its history, in early Greece, in Europe during the first half of the Middle
Ages, towns have consisted of one or two dominant buildings, temple or church or
castle, of one or two processional avenues for worshippers at sacred festivals, and a
little adjacent chaos of tortuous lanes and squalid houses.
In the old world, urban life increased rapidly at certain periods through the
establishment of towns almost full-grown. The earliest towns of Greece and
Italy were, through sheer necessity, small. They could not grow beyond the
steep hill-tops which kept them safe, or house more inhabitants than their
scanty fields could feed.
But the world was then large; new lands lay open to those who had no room at
home, and bodies of willing exiles, keeping still their custom of civil life, planted
new towns throughout the Mediterranean lands.
In general, ancient town-planning used not merely the straight line and the
right angle but the two together. It tried very few experiments involving other
angles
LAYOUT OF HARAPPAN CITY
Sometimes the outline of the ancient town was square or almost square, the
house-blocks were of the same shape, and the plan of the town was
indistinguishable from a chess-board. Or, instead of squares, oblong house-
blocks formed a pattern not strictly that of a chess-board but geometrical and
rectangular.
Often the outline of the town was irregular and merely convenient, but the
streets still kept, so far as they could, to a rectangular plan. Sometimes, lastly,
the rectangular planning was limited to a few broad thoroughfares, while the
smaller side-streets, were utterly irregular. Other variations may be seen in
the prominence granted or refused to public and especially to sacred
buildings.
The towns of the earlier Greeks revealed a half-barbaric spirit in their side
streets and unlovely dwellings. In the middle of the fifth century ,they began to
recognize private houses and to attempt an adequate grouping of their cities
as units capable of a single plan.
A change came with the new philosophy and the new politics of the Macedonian era.
The older Greek City-states had been large, wealthy, and independent; magnificent
buildings and sumptuous festivals were as natural to them as to the greater
autonomous municipalities in all ages. But in the Macedonian period the individual
cities sank to be parts of a larger whole, items in a dominant state, subjects of
military monarchies. The use of public buildings, the splendor of public festivals in
individual cities, declined.
A more definite, more symmetrical, often more rigidly 'chessboard' pattern was
introduced for the towns which now began to be founded in many countries.
LAYOUT OF MOHANJODARO
EGYPTIAN TOWN PLANNING
Early civilization spread along the fertile valleys of the Nile , Tigris-
Euphrates and Indus river , where food , water and transportation
facilities where easily available.
In this period the approach roads , where commonly on grid iron pattern.
The dwellings were compactly built about the interior court. The height of
the building was determined in proportion to the width of the street to get
proper light and ventilation .the building were one and two storied .
Sanitation was off a relatively higher order. There was underground sewer
line connected to the dwellings.
The straight line canals were there for the irrigation and landscape
purpose which added more beauty to the township.
The cities that did emerge were wither the result of the need for effective
administration, or the clustering of facilities around an important religious
center.
IMPORTANT CITIES
Amarna (Akhetaten)
Maadi,
MEMPHIS
Thebes
The reasons for the foundation of a new
settlement could be varied: security, often
combined with economics, as in the case of the
southern fortress towns (Buhen); cultic and
administrative needs (Kahun); political motives
seem to have led Akhenaten to found Akhetaten.
The Egyptians rarely planned much further than keeping a few spaces free for the
important roads of access, setting temple districts apart and erecting an adobe wall around
it all. Even 'planned' cities like much of Akhetaten were at times a jumble of houses, alleys
and courtyards in what looks like a case of build-as-build-can;[4] and where originally there
had been a street grid the rebuilding of the houses changed the regular layout over the
centuries.
But plot owners were not free to do as they liked. They had to take into account their
neighbours' rights and wishes and reach an understanding with them
Temple districts on the other hand were better planned. The outlay of individual temples
was basically symmetrical. Walls surrounded them. At Hotep-senusret the brick wall on
three sides of the temple was 12 metres thick and lined with limestone.
Avenues leading through the city to the temple district were wide, suitable for
processions. During recent excavations near the great pyramids a paved street five metres
wide was discovered. Pavement of streets was rare, generally restricted to the temple
complexes themselves.
Originally most temples were surrounded by an empty space, but over time houses were
built right up to the outer temple walls. These houses decayed and were rebuilt many times
over the millennia, with the result that the ground level of the residential area rose and the
temples which, being built of stone, were not periodically rebuilt, seemingly sank into the
ground.
The temenos [2] wall, the temple enclosure, could also have strategic value. At el-Kab the
temple was built at the centre of the town, and its ramparts could furnish a last shelter for
the garrison in case the town itself were taken by an enemy. At other places (Ombos, Edfu
etc) the whole population lived inside the temple enclosure.
Bigger towns like Memphis or Thebes had a number of temples which at first were
separate, but were interconnected by sphinx avenues from the 18th dynasty onwards.
PALACES
Royal palaces housed apart from the pharaoh's main family, his secondary
wives, concubines, and their offspring, also a small army of servants. The whole
compound was enclosed and separate from the rest of the capital, albeit close
to suppliers of services, temples and the seat of the administration
City of Amarna
In this Kahun was very different from Akhetaton's specially created capital
Akhetaten - or at least some parts of it. There the planners included public open
spaces where trees were planted and inhabitants often had their own private
garden plots.
The simplest dwelling was single cell of sun dried bricks and plaster covered with a
roof of reeds.
City dwellings such as the humble house in kahun , was probably is group of small
rooms surrounding a diminutive courtyard in which the cooking and other domestic
activities were performed.
The courtyard may having used as a work area for the craftsmen.
In the finer houses of noble men , the roof area were apparently developed with
gardens. They probably constructed dwellings with stone and plaster.
A ventilating device known as mulguf , was installed on the roof to provide some
degree of cooling for the interior rooms.
GREEK PERIOD
Greece geographically, surrounded 3 sides by sea,
which is a
best natural settings for transportation & mountainous
region, thereby
living in groups, which developed a deep sense of
mutual responsibility, and the peoples deities of
worship were the natural phenomenon .
The climate thereof was moderate, which was very
good for out-door Life. Of this climate cause the
formation of building porticoes &
Verandhas with columns.
In the beginning, the wealthy landlords of noble class,
were in power
& the king was a dominating figure. Then changed in
favour of
common people and their rights. The leader took up
the land from wealthy people & distributed it among
the common people.
In this way a new form was given to the political
organization of the community ,i.e. a govt. was
determined by the people. Magistrates were elected to
execute the laws & enforce public services. Thus this
life became popular.
Ancient Greek Planning
Features:
Compact urban form
Clearly defined limit
Integrated social life
Closely knit towns and cities
Greek towns
Planning of Greek towns by Hippodamus.
He developed grid iron layout
Town reached its maximum size, growth was terminated and new
town was started at another site.
The new town was called neo-polis
Towns were zoned into 3 :
GREEK PLANNING Religious area, administration and dwelling houses.
Town had infrastructure facilities to satisfy the requirements
:
Hygiene, defense and circulation.
City plan was conceived to serve 3 classes:
Craftsmen, soldiers and workers.
The meeting places were mostly near the temples which
formed the heart of the town. It occupied 5% of the city
The Temple
The Assembly hall
The Council Chamber
The agora or the market place
The agora square- central open space which accommodate all
gatherings on public functions and ceremonies
The markets located periphery for the transportation of
goods
Roads where laid out in grid iron pattern to make the house
in the direction of prevailing wind and son
The arrangement of street gave access to houses and lead
to important community area however they had no
interferences with the central areas.
Dwelling: houses where of same size
Industrial and agricultural activities were conducted outside
the settlements.
Privacy was prominent in the dwellings or
THE DWELLING houses and the social contacts and all the
business were done out side the home , mostly
in Agora.
Sometimes small merchants had their shops
adjacent to their houses. Later on the housing
conditions improved. House were enclosed
about a central hearth ,a hole in the roof
allowed the smoke to escape and it also
permitted the collection of rain water in cistern.
The sanitation improved on the pavement and
on the streets. And in the installation of under
ground drains from dwellings.
Town did maintain reservoirs but there was no
distribution system. After the improvement of
darinage, the people started to have private
baths .There was no disposal of sewage and
people had portable latrines.
Due to climate , care was taken in orientation
of the building so that the maximum amount of
sun shine could enter the dwelling in winter
and the sun rays could be cut out in the
summer to get a cooling effect.
The principal rooms were faced south ,
opening upon courtyards. A colonnade
projected from the rooms to shelter them from
high sun.
PUBLIC SPACE
The factors that affected the city size and population are:
Food and water supply
Tools used for cultivation
Means of transporting products
Source and methods for distributing water supply
1. City of Pompeii:
A colonial city extent 4/5 miles length -2/5 mile
width( maximum).
The city had 25000 people or inhabitants
Walled city with 8 gates.
The Forum lies at the center of an irregular street system where
the width of the streets was 32 feet.
Amphitheatres located near the center-elliptical within a central
area used for conducting naval exhibitions and other exhibitions .
The coliseum-circus maxima at the southern corner for the
chariot races.
2. City of Rome:
The area of the city was 3465 acres.
The city was bounded by 2 walls 1- Republican wall (B.C 378-352)
and the Aurelian wall to protect the city from the Barbarian
attacks from the North with protective towers at 100 Roman feet
interval .There is a saying that all streets leads to Rome- mainly
for infantry purposes.
There were-1.Colloseum ,2-Enormous forums ,3-Circus
maxima.
It is to be noted that all the constructions merged well with the
general landscape. The building was proportionate ,geometrical
and well balanced with nature.
Roman Castras formed the settlement for the military camps
known as the temporary cities to lodge the soldiers.
3. Timgad (Algiers, Africa) 1 and 2 century A.D.:
Typically rigid chessboard plan
355 x 325m area 30 acres.
Designed for residential colony.
Abundant water supply.
Rigid formality of the plan.
Eleven parallel cross-streets in either direction with surface
terracing on the undulating ground.
This gives an unparalleled completeness in its architectural
footing.
The forum s (160 feet x 145 feet).The market ,the temple site
and the other non-residential buildings were artificially raised
above the street level.
The public buildings had porticoes colonnades and other features
giving variety to the architectural style.
Some houses were as big as 200 feet x 200 feet.
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