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Work and Energy

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Science Std IX 1
What Is Work ?
Day to day work that we do like studying, reading,
drawing, attending classes, discussing problems may
involve very little of work if we go by the scientific
definition of work.
If one is pushing a rock but the rock does not move
then in spite of exertion, no work is done, unless there
is a displacement of the rock.
If one stands with a load on his head say for one hour,
then in scientific language no work is done.
If one climbs staircase and reaches second floor from
ground floor, then he as done a certain amount of
work.
Science Std IX 2
Scientific Concept of Work
Push a pebble lying on a surface. It moves
through a certain distance.A force is exerted on
the pebble and it is displaced. Work is done.
You apply a force on a trolley and it moves,
work is done.
Two conditions need to be satisfied for work
to be done.:1) A force should act on an
object and 2) the object must be displaced. If
any one of the conditions does not exist, work
is NOT done.
Science Std IX 3
Work Done by a Constant Force
Let a constant force F act on an
object. Let the object be displaced
through a distance s, in the direction
of the force. Let W be the work
s done.
F Work done = force X displacement.
.i.e. W = Fs
If F = 1 N and s = 1 m then work
done by the force will be 1Nm. The
unit of work is newton meter or
joule.
1 J is the amount of work done on an object when a force of 1 N
displaces it by 1 m along the line of action of force.
Science Std IX 4
Remember.
If force acting on an object and its displacement
are both in the same direction, the work done will
be equal to product of force and displacement and
the work done is taken as positive.
If force acting on an object is opposite to the
direction of the displacement of the object, the
angle between two directions being 180 o,then the
work done is taken as negative.
F x ( -s ) or ( - F x s ).
Science Std IX 5
Energy
The sun is biggest source of energy for us.
Fast moving ball hits stationary wicket, the
wicket is thrown away.
A raised object gets capability to do work.
Raised hammer falling on a nail drives it in
the wood.
A toy car with spring wound up moves.

Science Std IX 6
Energy
An object having a capability to do work is said to
possess energy.
The object which does work loses energy while
the object on which work is done gains the energy.
An object which possesses energy can exert a
force on another object and when this happens the
energy is transferred from former to later.
Any object that possesses energy can do work.
The unit of energy is same as work :- joule.
1 J is energy required to do 1 joule of work.Larger
unit : 1 kJ or kilo joule = 1000 J.
Science Std IX 7
Forms of Energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy

Science Std IX 8
Kinetic Energy : Experiment
Hit

F Displacement

F F1 F2

Science Std IX 9
Equation of Kinetic Energy
u s v a = acceleration
F
m m

Consider a mass m moving with a uniform velocity u. Let it now be


displaced through a distance s when a constant force F acts on it in the
direction of its displacement.
We know that W = F s. Work done on the object will change its velocity
to v and the acceleration will be a.
Recall equation for position velocity relation : v2 u2 =2 a s which gives

s = ( v2 u2 ) / 2 a
But F = ma. So W = m a s. So W = m a [( v2
u2) / 2a ] or WScience
= m Std
( v2IX u2 ) 10
Equation of Kinetic Energy
u s v a = acceleration
F
m m

If the object is starting from its stationary position, that is u = 0


then

W = mv2
So work done is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of an
object.
Thus the kinetic energy possessed by an object of mass, m and
moving with a uniform velocity v is

Ek = m v2 Science Std IX 11
Potential Energy
Stretched rubber band as acquired energy in
its stretched position.
In a toy car energy acquired by the coil in
the car depends on number of windings.
An object which is lifted to a height h can
now do work. It begins to fall when
released.It also has acquired energy due to
its position.

Science Std IX 12
Potential Energy
The potential energy possessed by the
object is the energy present in it by virtue of
its position or configuration.

Science Std IX 13
Potential Energy
An object increases its energy when raised through a
height. This is because work is done on it against gravity
while it is being raised. The energy present in such an
object is the gravitational potential energy.
The potential energy of an object at a height depends on
the ground level or the zero level you choose. An object
in a given position can have a certain potential energy
with respect to one level and a different value of
potential energy with respect to another level.
Science Std IX 14
Consider an object of mass m. Let it be raised
Potential Energy to a height h from the ground.A force is
required to do this and the minimum force
m needed is equal to the weight of the object
which is mg. The object gains energy equal to
work done on it. Let the work done against
gravity ( in this case ) be W.
Work done W = force x displacement.
W=mg x h
h
W = mgh
Since work done on object is equal to mgh, an
energy equal to mgh units is gained by the
object. This is the potential energy Ep of the
m Ground
object.

Science EIX
Std p = mgh. 15
Potential Energy Please note that the
work done by gravity
m m depends on difference
in vertical heights of
initial and final
positions of the object
and not on the path
Path 1 Path 2
h h along which the object
is moved.
In the figures at left,
both objects have
m m done work = mgh.
Ground
Science Std IX 16
Are Various Energy Forms
Interconvertible ?
Yes they are interconvertible.
Photosynthesis where light energy is converted by
chloroplasts of a plant cell into chemical energy and all
animal world depends on this converted light energy for
its survival. In a way we all living beings, including all
matter around us are a form of converted energy.
Heat energy makes the air rise thereby giving rise to wind
energy, which is converted into electrical energy by a
wind mill.
Heat and pressure converted fossils into coal and
petroleum energy.
Science Std IX 17
Are Various Energy Forms
Interconvertible ?
Light energy is converted into electrical energy by
photo cells. This is stored in the form of chemical
energy into batteries.
Electrical energy is converted into sound energy :-
door bell.
At an extreme temperatures and pressures nucleus
of an element breaks down and combines (fusion
reaction), thereby heat and pressure energies are
converted into different kinds of radiations which
are forms of nuclear energy.
Science Std IX 18
Are Various Energy Forms
Interconvertible ?
Light energy into electrical energy again
converted into electromagnetic energy and again
into electrical energy and then light energy :- TV
transmission and reception.
Kinetic energy into electrical energy in a dynamo.

Science Std IX 19
Are Various Energy Forms
Interconvertible ?
Potential energy of water in a dam is converted
into mechanical energy when a turbine is made to
rotate and then is converted into electrical energy
when a generator is made functional.

Science Std IX 20
Are Various Energy Forms
Interconvertible ?
In bulbs and tube lights, electrical energy is
converted into light, heat and sound energy
( observe for a shrill sound when tube light is
functioning). We are yet to invent a device which
will give only light energy from electrical energy
or chemical energy.
For your information, perfect conversion of
chemical energy into light energy is done by fire
fly. There is no heat and sound and hence is is
really a cold light.
Science Std IX 21
Law of Conservation of Energy
Whenever energy gets transformed,
the total energy remains unchanged.
Law :- energy can only be converted
from one form into another. It can
neither be created nor be
destroyed.The total energy before and
after the transformation remains the
same.

Science Std IX 22
Law of Conservation of Energy : Proof
Let an object of mass,m be made to fall freely from a height, h.At the
start the potential energy is mgh and kinetic energy is zero.Why KE
of this object is zero, because its velocity is zero. Hence total energy
of the object is mgh. As it falls its potential energy will change into
kinetic energy. If v is the velocity then the kinetic energy will be
mv2. As the fall continues, the potential energy will decrease and
kinetic energy will increase. When the object will just reach the
ground h will be zero and v will be the highest. So kinetic energy will
be largest whereas potential energy will be zero. However the total of
potential and kinetic energy will be same at all points.
Potential energy + kinetic energy = constant.
mgh + mv2 = constant.
Sum of potential and kinetic energy of an object is its total
mechanical energy. Science Std IX 23
Rate of Doing Work
Power measures the speed of work done. If an agent
does a work W in time t, then power is given by :
Power = work / time.
P=W/ t The unit of power is watt with symbol
W.
1 watt is the power of an agent, which does work at
the rate of 1 joule per second.
1 W = 1 joule / second or 1 W = 1 J s-1
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
1 kW = 1000 W
1 kW = 1000 J s-1
Science Std IX 24
Commercial Unit of Energy
The unit joule is too small to express large quantities of
energy.We use bigger unit of energy called kilowatt hour.
(kW h)
1 kW h is the energy used in one hour at the rate of
1000 J s-1
1 kW h = 1 kW x 1 h
= 1000 W x 3600 s
= 3600000 J
1 kW h = 3.6 x 106 J

Science Std IX 25
Work and Energy

End Slide

Science Std IX 26

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