g GE Power Management

UR - The Universal Relay

g GE Power Management

UR Features
FAMILY of relays built on a common platform
Common look & feel for ease of use product to product
All bells & whistles, present and future, available to whole
family
Reduced training time and drafting costs

MODULAR architecture
Scaleable - accommodates a scaleable I/O architecture
Flexible - accommodates different types of I/O
Upgradeable - accommodates upgrading to new
technologies
g GE Power Management

UR Features
COMMUNICATIONS
High-speed networking capability (Ethernet - fiber,
redundancy)
Multiple Protocols - UCA 2.0, DNP 3.0, Modbus, IEC-870-101

SUBSTATION Automation - System Solution

PMCS + UR with UCA 2.0 MMS/Ethernet
g GE Power Management

Software Issues

Software accounts for 90% of digital relay design

Most support functions are required in all types of relays
Market needs are driving shorter development cycles

Solution: Modular Software

g GE Power Management

Modular Software
Object Oriented
Design allows for
scalable, flexible and
re-useable software
and features
Protection Class
TOC
IOC
Objects

Distance
Differential
Frequency
Volts/Hz
etc
g GE Power Management

Hardware Issues

Microprocessor / Integrated Circuit Functionality is increasing

exponentially
Components can become obsolete in 1 to 2 years
Utility expect a 20+ year life

Solution: Modular Hardware Design

g GE Power Management

Modular Hardware
Design
Concept Physical Realization
g GE Power Management

Common Platform

Common hardware modules Application Software

Line

Common software modules

Application
Transformer Generator
Application Application

Capability to run a wide Feeder

Application
Control (PLC)
Application

variety of applications
Result: Universal Relay (UR)
g GE Power Management

Hardware

Flash memory
Draw-out modules for
serviceability
Expandable I/O
Field upgradable
g GE Power Management

Hardware

4RU, 19 inch rack-mount chassis

Hinged faceplate allows easy access to modules
Faceplate can be mounted separately on doors
for applications limited in depth
Extension cable connects faceplate to main unit
g GE Power Management

Hardware - Modular I/O

Configurable I/O via sub-modules

Sub-Modules
g GE Power Management

Draw-Out Modules

Modular design allows all modules to be

easily inserted or removed for upgrading or
repair. Field wiring is left undisturbed
g GE Power Management

Hardware - Interfaces

CONTACT INPUTS (expandable) CONTACT OUTPUTS (expandable)

Configurable inputs may be used for:
Breaker status
Oscillography trigger
Control inputs
Fully programmable
Trip rated Form-A relays
Form-C relays
Fast Form-C relays
g GE Power Management

User Interfaces

PROGRAM UPDATING COMMUNICATIONS POWERFUL PROCESSORS

Flash memory Modbus RTU on Numerical data
storage of firmware RS485 @ 115 kbps processing using a 32 bit
for field updating via MMS/UCA 2.0 on CPU and DSP for high
communications Redundant 10BaseF speed complex task
port. Enables product processing
updating on-site for
latest features
g GE Power Management

FlexLogic

FlexLogic minimizes the requirement for auxiliary components

and wiring while making more complex schemes possible.

URPC
g GE Power Management

Virtual Inputs / Outputs

Virtual Inputs / Outputs
extend the I/O capability of the
relay to LAN communications.
g GE Power Management

Peer to Peer Communication

Networkable
Peer to peer
communications
Self-defining data
External data
access via
corporate WAN
g GE Power Management

Metering
Current (Phase, Neutral and Ground) -
Accuracy: 0.25% of reading or 0.1% of rating from 0.1 to
2.0 x CT rating (whichever is greater)

Voltage (Vab Vbc Vca Van Vbn Vcn) -

Accuracy: 0.25% of reading from 10 to 208 V
Apparent Power (VA) - Accuracy: 1.0% of reading
Real Power (Watts) - Accuracy: 1% of reading
Reactive (Vars) - Accuracy: 1%
Power Factor - Accuracy: 0.02
g GE Power Management

Monitoring

Oscillography
64 samples / power frequency cycle
Adjustable Memory (1 record / 128 cycles to 31 records / 8 cycles)
6 Analog, 15 digital channels can be displayed
Selectable triggers
Adjustable trigger position

Event Recorder
1024 events, events are date and time stamped to nearest
millisecond
Selection of points to monitor (pickup, operation, logic, I/O)
g GE Power Management

Connectivity

Communications
Protocols
Peer to Peer Communications
URPC
Integration
g GE Power Management

Communications
PROTOCOLS
Modbus RTU protocol
Standard Front Port: RS232
Rear Port: RS485 up to 115kbps
UCA2 protocol
Application: MMS
Physical: 10BaseT (Ethernet) or 10BaseF (Fiber Optic)
Transport layer ISO-OSI and TCP/IP
g GE Power Management

URPC Program Features

Windows 95/ NT Based Software

View actual values View relay Status

View/edit setting on-line View/edit setting off-line with
View Event Recorder for setting file manager
troubleshooting On-line instruction manual
Upgrade relay firmware Download & view
programming oscillography in Comtrade
format
g GE Power Management

Event Recorder Capture

Screen
Snapshot Data

Oscillographic Data

Settings Change Data

The three main types of data - Snapshot data, Oscillographic data,

and Settings data - can be accessed from this screen, the Event
recorder.
g GE Power Management

Snapshot Data
g GE Power Management

Oscillographic Data
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Settings Change Data

g GE Power Management

UR Relay Types
F30 Feeder Management Relay (9/98)
L90 Line Current Differential (11/98)
C30 Controller/Metering (2/99)
C60 Controller/Metering/Breaker Failure (4/99)
F60 Feeder Management Relay (4/99)
T60 Transformer Management relay (4/99)
D60 Line Distance Relay (5/99)
L60 Line Current Phase Comparison Relay
(6/99)
Staged release of enhancements to platform and
individual relay models
g GE Power Management

Substation Automation
The UR Relay is the Engine for Substation Automation
g GE Power Management

UR - The Universal Relay

g GE Power Management

UR L90 Line Differential Relay

An integrated transmission line protection
system for series compensated lines
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Power to Protect Your

Lines
Connectivity
ModBus RTU
MMS/UCA2TM Protocols
SI Compatibility

Flexibility
FlexCurves
The second Relay designed from the ground FlexLogic
up around the MMS/UCA 2TM Ethernet FlexModules
communications standard. Giving you the Other Features
flexibility, connectivity and power to
manage your facility.
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Presentation
Overview
Applications
Protection and Control
New & Unique Concepts
User Interfaces
Order Codes
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Applications

The L90 is a digital current differential relay

system intended to provide complete protection
for transmission lines of any voltage level.
Overhead Lines and Cables
Lines with 2 Terminals
EHV, HV, Sub-Transmission
With/ without Series Compensation
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Transmission Line
Protection & Metering
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Protection & Control Function

Current Differential with Adaptive Restraint

High Speed Tripping, 1/2 - 2 cycles
Backup Overcurrent
Direct Transfer Trip
Stub Bus Protection
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Current Differential
Scheme
Similar to a Percentage Restraint Scheme
Adaptive Statistical Restraint
Adaptive Based on Relay Measurements
More Accurate and Sensitive Fault Sensing
Detects High Impedance Single Line to Ground
Faults that Existing Systems may not Detect
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

New & Unique Concepts

Three key technical considerations in
designing a new current differential relay:
Data Consolidation
Restraint Characteristic
Sampling Synchronization
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Data Consolidation
Extract appropriate parameters to be
transmitted from raw samples of
transmission line currents
Balance between transient response and bandwidth
Phase consolidation:
Phase current information is combined
Faulted phase information is lost
L90 does not use phase consolidation
Time consolidation:
Reduces communication bandwidth requirements
Improves security caused by single corrupted data sample
L90 uses time consolidation
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Phaselets Concept
5 6

Disturbance Detector
2 Disturbance Detector 50DD
50DD
fy( n ) 0

-5 6
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224
0 1 n 224
2
3
4
5
6
7
Phaselet 8
9
( 1/8 cycle) 1
0 1
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
Full Cycle Window 5 1
6
= 8 Phaselets
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Phaselets Concept -
+X
Prefault Area of
uncertainty

+X
+R

1st Pre-Fault Phaselet:

+X
-X Disturbance Detector resets +R
calculation window.

+X
+R
Phaselet 1 -X

Phaselet 4
-X +R

Phaselet 6
Full Cycle
Pre-Fault Phasor
-X (No uncertainty)

Phaselet 8
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Phaselets Concept -
+X Fault
+X
+R

1st Fault Phaselet:

-X +R +X
Disturbance Detector resets
calculation window.

Phaselet 9 -X +X
+R

Phaselet 12

-X +R

Phaselet 14 Full Cycle

Fault Phasor
-X (No uncertainty)

Phaselet 16
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Phaselets Concept -
Fault
Phaselet Simulation on Noisy Waveform

Sinusoid with random white Gaussian noise.

f( n ) 0

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128

n
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Phaselets Concept -
Fault on Noisy Waveform
Phaselet Simulation
2.4

2.2

1.8

1.6 Convergence
1.4
of uncertainty area
maxmag
w
to equivalent of full cycle
minmag
w
1.2
Fourier Transform.
1

0.8

Decreasing 0.6

area of uncertainty
0.4
(or variance error) as
phaslet window size 0.2

increases. 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
w

Phaselets improve operating speed while maintaining s

g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Restraint Characteristic
Classic Dual-Slope Restraint Characteristic

Ioperate
Protected
Element Ioperate = Iop = | I1 + I2 |
I1 I2 Irestraint = Ir = K [ |I1| + |I2|]
K2
Iop = | I1 + I2 |
K1

Irestraint
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Restraint Characteristic
L90 combines the classic method with adaptive
elliptical restraint to improve both security and
dependability. L90 - Adaptive Elliptical Restra
Classic Dual-slope Characteristic
Im
Im

Iop
Ir Iop Re
Re

Dynamic restraint When the waveform

region based on is distorted due to CT
Static restraint magnitude of the saturation, harmonic
region formed variance error content, or fault
by classic measurement (i.e. initiation transients,
method the difference the restraint region
between the actual will grow larger.
values measured and
the estimated data
from the Fourier
Transform
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Sampling
Synchronization
L90 uses distributed clock synchronization
Clocks are synchronized to each other (no master
clock)
Phases are synchronized to each other
Primary source is current measurements
Secondary source is time tagged messages (ping-pong)
Timing error is driven to zero
Phase angle deviations are minimized (<0.6 degree)
Clocks are synchronized to the power system
frequency
Eliminates one source of error in phasor measurements
Loop filter adjusts clock frequency
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Sampling
CurrentSynchronization
differential requires both relays to
be in time synchronization for differential
calculations.
Tx Rx
L90 L90
#1 Rx #2 Tx
Ping-Pong
Synchronization
tf = forward travel time
t0 Communications Technique:
Channel
tf tf = tr = t3 - t0 - (t2 - t1)
2
t1

t2 Traditional Ping-Pong
synchronization technique
tr
tr = return travel time assumes forward time delay
(tf) is equal to the return
t3 travel time (tr). This is NOT
the case for communications
equipment found in the
utility/industrial environment.
 g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Sampling
Synchronization
L90 Improvements on Ping-Pong Synchronization s

Minimizes variance on channel delays and jitter by averaging

Ping-Pong calculations
Implements a DPLL (digital phase-locked-loop) allowing the
Ping-Pong algorithm to stabilize to new path delays.
Calculates phase error at each end due to channel delays and
compensates clocks at both ends
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Flexibility

Relay Channels
FlexCurvesTM
FlexLogicTM
FlexModulesTM
Metering and Monitoring
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Relay Channels
Two Terminal Communication Channels
820 nm Multi-mode Fiber (LED)
1300 nm Multi-mode Fiber (LED)
1300 nm Single-mode Fiber (ELED)
1300 nm Single-mode Fiber (Laser)
G.703 (April 99)
RS422 (April 99)

Three Terminal Available in April 99

g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

FlexCurves

Typical application of
FlexCurves:

When the protection

curves used for lateral
taps 2 and 3 differ;
custom FlexCurves can
be constructed to
coordinate with both.
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Monitoring

Fault Location
IRIG-B Time Synchronization
CT Failure/Current Unbalance
Trip Circuit Monitors
Channel Monitor
Test Features
Local loopback for channel
Manual test mode
Playback of oscillography files
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

User Interfaces

PROTECTIVE COVER RESET KEY

Protects keypad when not in use
Clears event, EVENT CAUSE LED
Can be fitted with a seal indicators, and latched alarms
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

User Interfaces

STATUS INDICATORS
IN SERVICE: The relay is operating normally
TROUBLE: Self-test detected a problem
TEST MODE: The relay is in test mode
TRIP: A trip command had been issued
ALARM: An alarm condition is present
PICKUP: Pickup condition detected

RS232 SERIAL PORT

Connect to a PC to run URPC
Use for downloading settings, monitoring
data, sequence of events reports,
Oscillography
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

User Interfaces

EVENT CAUSE LED INDICATORS

VOLTAGE: Event caused by voltage
CURRENT: Event caused by current
FREQUENCY: Not applicable
OTHER: Not applicable
PHASE A Indicates which
PHASE B phase was
PHASE C involved
NEUTRAL/GROUND

RS232 SERIAL PORT

Connect to a PC to run URPC
Use for downloading settings, monitoring
data, sequence of events reports,
Oscillography
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

User Interfaces

DISPLAY
40 character vacuum fluorescent display
Visible in dim lighting or at any angle
GE POWER MANAGEMENT Used for programming, monitoring, status
fault diagnosis, user programmable
RELAY messages and settings

KEYPAD
Numerical keypad and command keys
allow full access to the relay
MENU Rubber keypad is dust tight and
splash-proof with door
HELP MESSAGE
Website address via HELP for technical
ESCAPE
support
ENTER VALUE
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

User Interfaces

CONTACT INPUTS (Expandable) CONTACT OUTPUTS (Expandable)

Configurable inputs may be used for: Trip rated Form-A relays
Breaker status Form-C relays that may be programmed for
Oscillography trigger auxiliary functions
Control inputs
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

User Interfaces

PROGRAM UPDATING POWERFUL PROCESSORS COMMUNICATIONS

Flash memory storage of firmware for field Numerical data processing using a ModBus RTU on RS485 @
updating via communications port. Enables32 bit CPU and DSP for high speed 115 kbps
product updating on-site for latest features.complex task processing MMS/UCA 2.0 on Redundant
10BaseF
g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

Order Code
L90 - * 00 - H C * - F ** - H * * - L * *- N* *- S**- U**- W**
Base Unit L90 Base Unit
CPU A RS485 + RS485
C RS485 + 10BaseF
D RS485 + Redundant 10BaseF
Software Options 00 No software options
Mounting H Horizontal
Faceplate C Faceplate with keypad and display
Power Supply L 24/48 V (Low); 19-60
VDC, 19-81 VAC
H 125/250 V (High); 88-
300 VDC, 70-265 VAC
CT/VT 8A Standard 4CT/4VT
Digital I/O XX No module
6G 4 Form-A, 8 inputs
6I 4 SCR outputs, 16 inputs
Digital I/O 6A 6A 6A 6A 2 Form-A, 2 Form-C, 8 inputs
6B 6B 6B 6B 2 Form-A, 2 Form-C, 4 inputs
6C 6C 6C 6C 8 Form-C outputs
6D 6D 6D 6D 16 Inputs
6E 6E 6E 6E 4 Form-C, 8 inputs
6F 6F 6F 6F 4 Form-A, 8 inputs
6G 6G 6G 6G 8 Fast Form-C outputs
6H 6H 6H 6H 4 Form-A, 8 inputs
6I 6I 6I 6I 6 Form-A, 4 inputs
6J 6J 6J 6J 4 SS SCR outputs, 8 inputs
6K 6K 6K 6K 4 Form-C, 4 Fast Form-C
Inter-Relay Communications 7A 820 nm, multi-mode, LED, 2 Terminal
7B 1300 nm, multi-mode, LED, 2 Terminal
7C 1300 nm, single-mode, ELED, 2 Terminal
7D 1300 nm, single-mode, LASER, 2
g GE Power Management

UR L90 Line Differential Relay

An integrated transmission line protection
system for series compensated lines