Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Source http://www.w8ji.com/radiation_and_fields.htm
The necessary elements for EMI
Coupling medium
Receptor
1 of
0
Electromagnetic
Energy
T 1
20ns pulse
750m T 20n
Voltage (V)
500m 15n
sin x
x
Amplitude [V/Hz]
250m 10n
0
5n
0 25n 50n 75n 100n
T0 Time (s)
0
0 50M 100M 150M 200M 250M
X(f) Re(f) Im(f )
2 2
Frequency (Hz)
Amplitude [V/Hz]
300n
Harmonics
a
200n significant to
T 500n
300MHz
31.8MHz 100n
400n
Amplitude [V/Hz]
0
300n 0 10M 20M 30M 40M 50M 60M 70M 80M 90M 100M
Frequency (Hz)
200n
0
0 10M 20M 30M 40M 50M 60M 70M 80M 90M 100M
Frequency (Hz)
The coupling medium for
conducted emissions
VG2 VG3
+
+
C1 2p
EMI source
OP1 !OPAMP
N1
EMI source magnetic
Medium M1
electrostatic coupling R2 10k
N2
coupling
R1 10k
- VF1
Conductor
+
++
VG1
Connection wire
PCB trace Switching
+
C2 10n
VG4
Signal Interconnect cable supply EMI
100kHz - 1MHz
V1 5
The coupling medium for
radiated emissions
Electromagnetic
Radiation
Surrounding
Medium
+
Receptor Antenna
+
++
VG1
Connection wire C2 10n
PCB trace
Signal V1 5
Interconnect cable
Electric-field strength and power density
Isotropic sources
Freq (MHz) Class A Class B Freq (MHz) Class A dBuV/m Class B dBuV/m
dBuV dBuV
30 - 80 39 29.5
0.45 - 1.6 60 48
88 - 216 43.5 33
1.6 - 30 69.5 48 216 - 960 46.4 35.6
Sources: SynQor app. note 00-08-02 Rev. 04 960 - 1000 49.5 43.5
& www.cclab.com/engnotes/eng290.htm
Typical RF field levels
Medical
Military
Industrial
Commercial
Op-amps
Low-speed: offset shift, RF noise
High-speed: linear and non-linear
amplification
Converters
EMI aliased into passband
corrupted output levels or
codes
offset shifts
Regulators
Offset - output voltage error
Operational amplifier voltage-offset shift
resulting from conducted RF EMI
Transmitter
470MHz
Pout 0.5W Significant DC Offset
d 1.5 ft (46cm) when RF present +4.0V offset RF
present
RF noise
On ECG
Single 1.5V
Supply Due to RFI
CMOS
INA326 Transmitter
OPA335(s) keyed 6 sec. +2.5V offset
normal
Fly wire ECG Full
Proto board Scale
1Vp-p
0.5V/div EMI slide
Information
by John Brown
Taming the EMI environment
The load, common-mode EMI current Icm1 emi and normal mode EMI current Inm emi all flow
through the Zload
Icm2emi circulates through the source return line and the system ground, but not through the
Zload
Basis adopted from Butler Winding, Common Mode Choke Theory for Our Custom Built Coils
The common-mode transformer
an effective common-mode EMI filter
The common-mode transformer is a balanced structure having equal turns and winding
sense
The magnetomotive force created by I_load is equal and opposite to that created by I_load .
Therefore, I_load flows through the transformer with no cancelation. This applies to Inm emi
as well.
Icm1emi and Icm2emi flow through windings A and B in the same direction and encounter the
same level of inductive reactance greatly reducing their amplitude.
The reduction in Icmemi currents results in a corresponding reduction the EMI fields
Normal mode and common-mode filtering
30MHz
RCM 1k
+
G C3 5n + VM3
R1 1M
C1 100n
C2 100n
VS
RDM 100
-
VCM
Common-mode inductor
Common 6 20 28 42 45 45 48 dB
Differential 10 13 30 50 50 40 40 dB
First-order
Low pass filter U1 INA326
RA 4.7k CB 4.7n
-
R1
VDM/2 R2 1M Vo
+
VCM Y R3 400k
R1 +
CA 47n +
R2
+
+
X
Y
VDM/2 R1 1M R4 400k
RB 4.7k CC 4.7n
C4 100n
V1 5 R5 400k
Capacitors X & 2Y
A B
G2
Cx = Cy
U1 INA326
VDM/2 RA* 4.7k
+
-
X2Y R1
R1 4k R4 100 Vo
10n
VCM +
+
C2 1n
R1 +
+
R2 X2Y Filter & Decoupling Capacitors
VDM/2 R3 400k C1 500p
RB* 4.7k
RA, RB optional
X2Y Input filtering s21
100n R2 400k Signal-to-Ground
V1 5
10nF
Newer op-amps have built-in EMI filtering
T 0
CM fc(-3dB) 63.7MHz
DM fc(-3dB) 31.8MHz
Gain (dB)
-20
-40
100k 1M 10M 100M 1G
Frequency (Hz)
EMIRR- a measure quantifying an operational
amplifiers ability to reject EMI
EMIRR - electromagnetic interference rejection ratio
Defined in National Semiconductors application note AN-1698
Measured as a dB voltage ratio of output offset voltage change in response to an
injected RF voltage having a defined level
Provides a definitive measure of EMI rejection across frequency allowing for a
direct comparison of the EMI susceptibility of different operational amplifiers
VRF -
+ +
VOS (DC)
-
EMIRR IN+
EMI testing of operational amplifier pin functions has shown that the input pins are the
most sensitive to EMI and produce the largest offset shift
EMIRR IN+ is the EMI rejection ratio of the non-inverting input. The term EMIRR IN+
has become nearly synonymous with EMIRR
The operational amplifier is connected as a unity-gain buffer during the test. An RF
signal with a specified drive level is applied to the non-inverting input
input-referred
VOS -(DC)
-
+
+ VOS (DC)
+
100mVP -
Typical EMIRR IN+ Measurement Configuration
EMIRR IN+ equation
VRF _ PEAK
EMIRR IN (dB) 20 log 20 log VRF _ PEAK
100mV
VOS P
1 VRF _ PEAK 2
VOS
EMIRR IN ( dB )
100mVP
10 20
Use this equation to solve for |VOS| of a unity gain amplifier if VRF_PEAK and
EMIRR IN+ are known such as when a plot is provided
EMIRR IN+ is frequency dependant
Doubling VRF_PEAK Quadruples |VOS|!
For example: 100mVP RF signal at 1.8GHz produces an EMIRR IN+ of 60 dB. The
associated voltage offset shift would be 100uV
The EMIRR IN+ test set-up
See TI Application Report SBOA128 for details
Simple schematic
for EMIRR IN+ test
Practical
implementation
Zin of
Op-amp
The complex RF input
environment
EMIRR IN+ measurement results for
TI CMOS rail-to-rail operational amplifiers
Test Configuration
Bipolar supplies (+/-V), reference pin grounded, RF level -10dBm
Differential measurement Common-mode Measurement
RF signal applied to non- RF signal applied to both
inverting input inputs
Inverting input grounded
EMIRR testing applied to instrumentation amplifiers
INA118 INA333 differential mode comparison
INA118 INA333
3 op-amp current feedback design 3 op-amp CMOS auto-zero design
Av range 1 to 10kV/V Av range 1 to 1kV/V
70kHz BW, G = 10V/V 35kHz BW, G = 10V/V
Iq 350uA Iq 50uA
circa 1994 2008 introduction
no internal EMI filter internal EMI filter
EMIRR testing applied to instrumentation amplifiers
INA118 INA333 common-mode comparison
INA118 INA333
3 op-amp current feedback design 3 op-amp CMOS auto-zero design
Av range 1 to 10kV/V Av range 1 to 1kV/V
70kHz BW, G = 10V/V 35kHz BW, G = 10V/V
Iq 350uA Iq 50uA
1994 introduction 2008 introduction
no internal EMI filter internal EMI filter
Instrumentation amplifier EMIRR performance
comparison
TI - INA333
competitor A
competitor B
competitor C
Common-mode EMIRR
Shielding and screening
Minimizing the mediums effectiveness
Shielding Effectiveness
(S.E.)
of enclosed material
Emission Suppression
Derived from: EDN The Designers Guide From: COTS Journal, January 2004 Design Considerations
to Electromagnetic Compatibility In Building Shielded Enclosures.
Shielding and screening
Minimizing mediums effectiveness
Ferrous metals
steel
Mu-metal nickel, iron
Non-ferrous metals
Al foil ILoss > 90dB
Cu, Ni ILoss 40-60dB
Vacuum plating
ILoss > 80dB
Electroless deposition
ILoss > 80dB
VL = L di/dt
balanced line presents induced EMI as an equal level, same phase signal to amplifier input
the common-mode rejection of the amplifier or transformer will act upon the common-mode EMI
twisting the line improves balance by equalizing the field exposure of both wires
Balanced analog and digital circuitry
reduces common-mode response
Circuit plans to help minimize EMI
Strive for a zero
impedance ground
Design for a
differential signal
environment, both
logic and analog
Minimize PCB loops
that act as EMI
antennas
Use X2Y capacitors
for filtering and
decoupling
Make use of
common-mode
transformers
Use balanced lines
and traces
PC board tips to help reduce EMIs affect in circuits