Finite Control Volume Analysis

Application of Reynolds Transport Theorem

CEE 331
March 14, 2017

School of Civil and

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
Moving from a System to a
Control Volume

Mass
Linear Momentum
Moment of Momentum
Energy
Putting it all together!
 Conservation of Mass

B = Total amount of ____

mass in the system
b = ____ 1
mass per unit mass = __

DBsys
Dt

t bdV
cv
bV n
cs
dA cv equation

DM sys
Dt

t dV
cv
V n
cs
dA But DMsys/Dt = 0!

cs V n dA t dV
cv
Continuity Equation

mass leaving - mass entering = - rate of increase of mass in cv

 Conservation of Mass

If mass in cv 2
cs V
n dA
t dV is constant 1
cv n
V1
r
cs1
1 V1
n 1dA + r 2 V2
cs2
n 2 dA =0 A1

Unit vector n is ______

normal
V n dA
cs
m [M/T]
r VA = & to surface and pointed
____
out of cv
on
We assumed uniform ___
V n dA the control surface
V cs

A V is the spatially averaged

velocity normal to the cs
 Continuity Equation for Constant
Density and Uniform Velocity
V
cs1
1 1
1dA 2 V2
n
cs2
2 dA
n 0 Density is constant across cs

1V 1 A1 2 V 2 A2 0 Density is the same at cs1 and cs2

V 1 A1 V 2 A2 Q [L3/T]

V1 A1 V2 A2 Q Simple version of the continuity equation

for conditions of constant density. It is
understood that the velocities are either
________
uniform or _______
spatially ________.
averaged
 Example: Conservation of Mass?
The flow out of a reservoir is 2 L/s.
The reservoir surface is 5 m x 5 m.
How fast is the reservoir surface
h
dropping?

cs V
n dA
t cv
dV
V
cs V n dA t Constant density
dV
Qout Qin Velocity of the reservoir surface
dt
Ares dh dh Q
Qout
dt dt Ares
Example
 Linear Momentum Equation

DBsys F 0
Dt

t bdV
cv
bV n dA
cs
cv equation

mV
B mV momentum b momentum/unit mass
m
Vectors!
DmV
Dt

t VdV
cv
V V n
cs
dA

DmV Steady state

Dt
V V n dA
cs

This is the ma side of the F = ma equation!

 Linear Momentum Equation
DmV
Dt
V V n dA
cs

DmV
Dt
VV
cs1
1 1 1
1dA V2 2 V2
n
cs2
2 dA
n

Assumptions
DmV
1V1 A1 V1 2V2 A2 V2 Uniform density
Dt
Uniform velocity
M1 1V1 A1 V1 Q V1
V A
M 2 2V2 A2 V2 Q V2 Steady
V fluid velocity
Vectors!!!
relative to cv
 Steady Control Volume Form of
Newtons Second Law
D mV
F Dt
M1 M 2

What are the forces acting on

the fluid in the control volume?
Gravity
Shear at the solid surfaces F M 1 M2

Pressure at the solid surfaces

Pressure on the flow surfaces
F W F p1 Fp2 Fpwall F wall

Why no shear on control surfaces? No

_______________________________
velocity tangent to control surface
 Resultant Force on the Solid
Surfaces
The shear forces on the walls and the pressure
forces on the walls are generally the unknowns
Often the problem is to calculate the total force
exerted by the fluid on the solid surfaces
The magnitude and direction of the force
determines
thrust blocks
size of _____________needed to keep
pipe in place
force on the vane of a pump or turbine...
Fss Fp F
F W F p1 Fp2 Fss wall wall

=force applied by solid surfaces

 Linear Momentum Equation
F W F p1 Fp2 Fss Fp 2
ma M1 M 2 M2
M1 M 2 W Fp1 Fp2 Fss
Fss x

Forces by solid surfaces on fluid

The momentum vectors

have the same direction
as the velocity vectors
M1 M1 Q V1
Fss
Fp1
W y M 2 Q V2
 Example: Reducing Elbow
2
Reducing elbow in vertical plane with water flow
of 300 L/s. The volume of water in the elbow is 200 1m
L. 1
Energy loss is negligible.
g*volume=-1961
Calculate N on the fluid.
the force of the elbow M1 M 2 W Fp Fp Fss
1 2

W = ________________________
section 1 section 2 z
D 0.196 m2
50 cm 0.071
30 cmm2
1.53 m/s
A ____________ 4.23 m/s
____________
V ____________ ____________ ? x
p -459
150NkPa 1270 N
____________ Direction of V vectors
29,400 N
M ____________ ?
____________
 Example: What is p2?

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
1 2g 2 2g

V12 V22
p2 p1 z1 z2
2 g 2 g

1.53 m/s 4.23 m/s

2 2

p2 150 x 103 Pa 9810 N/m 3 0 1 m

2 9.8 m/s 2

P2 = 132 kPa Fp2 = 9400 N

 Example: Reducing Elbow
Horizontal Forces
M1 M 2 W Fp1 Fp2 Fss
2 Fp 2

Fss M1 M 2 W Fp1 Fp2

M2
Fssx M 1x M 2 x Wx Fp1x Fp2 x 1

Fss M 2 Fp
x x 2x

z
Fssx 1270 N -9400 N

Fssx 10.7kN Force of pipe on fluid x

Fluid is pushing the pipe to the ______
left
 Example: Reducing Elbow
Vertical Forces
Fssz M 1z M 2 z Wz Fp1z Fp2 z 2

Fssz M 1z Wz Fp1z W
1
Fp M1
Fssz 459N 1,961N 29,400N
1

z
Fssz 27.9kN 28 kN acting downward on fluid

up
Pipe wants to move _________ x
 Example: Fire nozzle

A small fire nozzle is used to create a

powerful jet to reach far into a blaze. Estimate
the force that the water exerts on the fire
nozzle. The pressure at section 1 is 1000 kPa
(gage). Ignore frictional losses in the nozzle.

8 cm 2.5 cm
 Fire nozzle: Solution

Identify what you need to know

P2, V1, V2, Q, M1, M2, Fss

Determine what equations you will use

Bernoulli, continuity, momentum

8 cm
2.5 cm
1000 kPa
 Find the Velocities

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g

p1 V12 V22
continuity V1 D12 V2 D22
2g 2g
4
D2
p1 V V 2 2
V 2
V 2

2 1 2
D
1
1

2g 2g

2 p1
D2
4
V 2
V2
p1 2
1 D2
4
2 D1 1

D1
 Fire nozzle: Solution
2.5 cm
8 cm
1000 kPa

Which direction does the

nozzle want to go? ______
Is Fssx the force that the
firefighters need to brace
____ Moments!
against? NO! __________
force applied by nozzle on water

Fssx M 1x M 2 x Wx Fp1x Fp2 x

 Example: Momentum with
Complex Geometry
Find Q2, Q3 and force on the 2
wedge in a horizontal plane. cs2
Q1 10 L/s V1 20 m/s y
Fy 0

1 10 2 130 3 50 x
cs1
1000 kg / m3
cs3
1
3

Q2, Q3, V2, V3, Fx

Unknown: ________________
 5 Unknowns: Need 5 Equations

Identify the 5 equations! Unknowns: Q2, Q3, V2, V3, Fx

Continuity Q1 Q2 Q3
Bernoulli (2x)
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2 2
1 2g 2 2g cs2 y
V1 V2
x
V1 V3 cs1
Momentum (in x and y) 1
cs3 3
M1 M 2 M 3 W Fp1 Fp2 Fp3 Fss
 Solve for Q2 and Q3

M1 M 2 M 3 W Fp1 Fp2 Fp3 Fss atmospheric pressure

Fssy 0 M 1 y M 2 y M 3 y M1 Q V1

0 Q1V1 sin 1 Q2V2 sin 2 Q3V3 sin 3

V sin Component of velocity in y direction

y
Q1 Q2 Q3 Mass conservation
x
V1 V2 V3 Negligible losses apply Bernoulli
 Solve for Q2 and Q3
0 Q1V1 sin 1 Q2V2 sin 2 Q3V3 sin 3 Eliminate Q3
0 Q1 sin 1 Q2 sin 2 Q3 sin 3 Q3 Q1 Q2

a sin sin f Q2 6.133 L / s

Q Q
a sin sin f
1 3
2 1
2 3

sinaf10 sina
50f
sina130f sina50f
Q Q
2 1

Why is Q2 greater than Q3?

+
m&1V1 y
+ -
m&V m&V Q3 3.867 L / s
2 2y 3 3y
 Solve for Fssx

Fssx M 1x M 2 x M 3 x

Fssx Q1V1 cos 1 Q2V1 cos 2 Q3V1 cos 3

Fssx V1 Q1 cos 1 Q2 cos 2 Q3 cos 3

0.01 m3 /s cos 10

Fssx 1000 kg/m3 20 m/s 0.006133 m3 /s cos 130

0.003867 m3 /s cos 50

Fssx 226 N Force of wedge on fluid

 Vector solution
M 1 M 2 M 3 Fss

M1 Q1V1 200N

M 2 Q2V2 122.66N

M 3 Q3V3 77.34N
Q2 10 L / s
Q2 6.133L / s
Q3 3.867 L / s
 Vector Addition
M 1 M 2 M 3 Fss
2
Fss cs2
M3 y
M2
M1 x
cs1
cs3
1
3

Where is the line of action of Fss?

 Moment of Momentum Equation

DBsys
Dt

t bdV
cv
bV n
cs
dA cv equation

B mr V Moment of momentum
mr V
b Moment of momentum/unit mass
m
D mr V
r VdV r V V n
dA
Dt t cv cs

T r V V n dA Steady state
cs
 Application to Turbomachinery
rVt Vn
T r V V n
dA
V n dA
cs
Q

cs
Vn
Vt

r2 cs1 cs2
r1

Tz Q r2 V2 r1 V1
 Example: Sprinkler

vt

cs2 T Q
z r2 V2 r1 V1

0.1 2 Qr2Vt2
10 cm
Q jet
V t2 r sin 2
A jet
Total flow is 1 L/s.
Jet diameter is 0.5 cm. 0.1 2 Qr 4Q r
/2
sin

2 2
Friction exerts a torque of d 2

0.1 N-m-s2 2. 2
0.1 Qr2 Q r
2 2 2
sin 0
= 30. 2
d 2

Find the speed of rotation.

Vt and Vn are defined relative to control surfaces.
 Example: Sprinkler
2
0.1 2 Qr22 Q 2 r2 sin 0
d 2

b b 2 4ac
a = 0.1Nms2
2a
b Qr22 b = (1000 kg/m3)(0.001 m3/s) (0.1 m) 2 = 0.01 Nms
2
c Q r
2
sin
2
d 2

c = -(1000 kg/m3)(0.001 m3/s)2(0.1m)(2sin30)/3.14/(0.005 m)2

c = -1.27 Nm = 127/s
What is if there is no friction? ___________

= 3.5/s
What is Vt if there is no friction ?__________
= 34 rpm T Qr2Vt2
Reflections
 Energy Equation

DBsys
Dt

t bdV
cv
bV n
cs
dA cv equation

DE
Dt

t edV
cv
eV n
cs
dA What is DE/Dt for a system?

First law of thermodynamics: The heat QH added to a system plus

the work W done on the system equals the change in total energy
E of the system. & pV n
Qnet Wnet E2 E1 W pr
cs
dA
in in
DE & W & pV n
Wnet Wpr Wshaft
in Dt
Qnet
in
shaft
cs
dA
 dE/dt for our System?
p h
F pA
W & FV
pr

W&
pr pVA
Pressure work
DE
DE & W & pV n pV n
dA
Dt
Qnet
in
shaft
cs
dA Dt cs

Shaft work
DE &
W shaft
Dt
DE &
Heat transfer Qnet
Dt in
 General Energy Equation
1st Law of Thermo cv equation
DE & &
Qnet Wshaft pV n
dA edV eV
dA
n
Dt in cs
t cv cs

p
& &
Qnet Wshaft
in

t cv
e d
cs
e V n

dA
z
V2 (
e gz u
2

Total Potential Kinetic Internal (molecular

spacing and forces)
 Simplify the Energy Equation
q net m&
wshaft m&
in
0 Steady
& & p
Qnet Wshaft
in t cv e d cs e V n dA
V2 (
e gz u
2
p V 2

(
q net wshaft m & gz u V n dA
in cs
2
Assume...
p
gz c Hydrostatic pressure distribution at cs

is uniform over cs
not uniform over control surface!
But V is often ____________
 Energy Equation: Kinetic Energy

3
V 2 V A V = point velocity
cs 2 V n dA 2 V = average velocity over cs

V 3 If V tangent to n
cs 2 dA
3
V A
2
1 V 3 = kinetic energy correction term
_________________________
3
A cs V
dA
=___
1 for uniform velocity
 Energy Equation: steady, one-
dimensional, constant density
p V2 (
q net &
wshaft m gz u V n
dA
in cs
2

V n dA
cs
m
& mass flux rate

pout 2
Vout ( pin Vin2 (
q net wshaft m
& gzout uout gzin uin
&
m
in 2 2

pin Vin2 ( pout 2

Vout (
gzin in uin q net wshaft gzout out uout
2 in 2
 Energy Equation: steady, one-
dimensional, constant density
pin Vin2 ( pout 2
Vout (
gzin in uin q net wshaft gzout out uout
2 in 2
divide by g
( (
uout uin q net
pin Vin2 wshaft pout 2
Vout
zin in zout out in

2g g 2g g

mechanical thermal
( (
wshaft uout uin q net
hhPP hT Lost mechanical
g
in
hL
g energy
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
 Thermal Components of the
Energy Equation
V2 (
e gz u
2
(
u cvT c pT For incompressible liquids
( (
uout uin q net
Water specific heat = 4184 J/(kg*K)
in
hL
g

Change in temperature
c p Tout Tin q net Heat transferred to fluid
in
hL
g Example
 Example: Energy Equation
(energy loss)
An irrigation pump lifts 50 L/s of water from a reservoir and
discharges it into a farmers irrigation channel. The pump
supplies a total head of 10 m. How much mechanical energy
is lost? What is hL? cs2
4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1
datum
Why cant I draw the cs at the end of the pipe?
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g

h p zout hL hL hp zout hL = 10 m - 4 m
 Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
The total pipe length is 50 m and is 20 cm in diameter. The
pipe length to the pump is 12 m. What is the pressure in the
pipe at the pump outlet? You may assume (for now) that the
only losses are frictional losses in the pipeline. 50 L/s
hP = 10 m
cs2 4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1
0 0 0 datum 0

/ / / /
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
We need _______ in the pipe, , and ____ ____.
velocity head loss
 Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
How do we get the velocity in the pipe?
Q = VA A = d2/4 V = 4Q/( d2)
V = 4(0.05 m3/s)/[ 0.2 m)2] = 1.6 m/s
How do we get the frictional losses?
Expect losses to be proportional to length of the pipe
hl = (6 m)(12 m)/(50 m) = 1.44 m
What about ?
Kinetic Energy Correction Term:
1 V 3

A V
dA
cs
3

is a function of the velocity distribution in

the pipe.
For a uniform velocity distribution ____
is 1
For laminar flow ______
is 2
1.01 < < 1.10
For turbulent flow _____________
Often neglected in calculations because it is so
close to 1
 Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
V = 1.6 m/s pout 2
Vout
= 1.05 hP zout out hL
2g
hL = 1.44 m
50 L/s
hP = 10 m 4m
2.4 m
2m

datum
2
Vout
pout hP zout out hL
2g
(1.6 m/s) 2
p2 (9810 N/m ) (10 m) (2.4 m) (1.05)
3
2
(1.44 m) = 59.1 kPa
2(9.81 m/s )
 Example: Energy Equation
(Hydraulic Grade Line - HGL)
We would like to know if there are any
places in the pipeline where the pressure is
too high (_________)
pipe burst or too low (water
might boil - cavitation).
Plot the pressure as piezometric head
(height water would rise to in a piezometer)
How?
 Example: Energy Equation
(Energy Grade Line - EGL)
Loss due to shear
HP = 10 m 2
Exit loss
p V
Entrance loss
2g 50 L/s
p = 59 kPa 4m
2.4 m
2m

datum
What is the pressure at the pump intake?
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
 Energy Grade Line Hydraulic Grade Line
EGL (or TEL) and HGL
p V2 p
EGL z HGL z
2g

Piezometric
Elevation head (w.r.t.velocity head
datum) head
Pressure head (w.r.t.
reference pressure)
What is the difference between EGL defined by Bernoulli
and EGL defined here?
 EGL (or TEL) and HGL

The energy grade line may never slope upward (in

pump
direction of flow) unless energy is added (______)
The decrease in total energy represents the head
loss or energy dissipation per unit weight
coincident
EGL and HGL are ____________and lie at the
free surface for water at rest (reservoir)
Whenever the HGL falls below the point in the
system for which it is plotted, the local pressures
reference pressure
are lower than the __________________
 Example HGL and EGL
V2
velocity head
2g
p
pressure head

energy grade line
hydraulic grade line

z elevation
pump
z=0 datum
2 2
pin V p V
zin in in
hP out zout out out hT hL
2g 2g
 Bernoulli vs. Control Volume
Conservation of Energy
Find the velocity and flow. How would you solve these two
problems?

pipe Free jet

 Bernoulli vs. Control Volume
Conservation of Energy
p1 v12 p2 v22 Vin2 2

z1 z2 pin
zin in hP
pout
zout out
Vout
hT hL
2g 2g 2g 2g

Point to point along streamline Control surface to control surface

No frictional losses Has a term for frictional losses

Based on point velocity Based on average velocity

Requires kinetic energy
correction factor
Includes shaft work
Has direction!
 Power and Efficiencies
P = FV
Electrical power Motor losses
Pelectric EI
bearing losses
Shaft power
Pshaft T
Impeller power
pump losses
Pimpeller T
Fluid power
Pwater QHp Prove this!
 Example: Hydroplant
Water power = 2.45 MW
Overall efficiency = 0.857
efficiency of turbine = 0.893
efficiency of generator = 0.96
Reservoir 50 m
Powerhouse 2100 kW

Q = 5 m3
Pens /s
tock 116 kNm
River
180 rpm

solution
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
Energy Equation Review

Control Volume equation

Simplifications
steady
constant density
hydrostatic pressure distribution across control surface
(streamlines parallel)
Direction of flow matters (in vs. out)
We dont know how to predict head loss
 Conservation of Energy,
Momentum, and Mass
Most problems in fluids require the use of
more than one conservation law to obtain a
solution
Often a simplifying assumption is required
to obtain a solution
mechanical
to heat over a short
neglect energy losses (_______)
distance with no flow expansion
neglect shear forces on the solid surface over a
short distance
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
Head Loss: Minor Losses
Head (or energy) loss due to:
outlets, inlets, bends, elbows, valves, pipe
size changes
greater than
Losses due to expansions are ________
losses due to contractions When V, KE thermal
Losses can be minimized by gradual
transitions V2
Losses are expressed in the form hL K L 2 g
where KL is the loss coefficient
 Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Energy z
x

in out
At centroid of control surface
Where is p measured?___________________________
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
pin pout 2
Vout Vin2
hL zin = zout
2g

pin pout Vin2 Vout

2
Relate Vin and Vout? Mass
hL
2g Relate pin and pout? Momentum
 Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Momentum

A2
A1
x 1 2

M1 M 2 W Fp Fp Fss Apply in direction of flow

1 2

M 1 x M 2 x Fp Fp
1x 2x
Neglect surface shear
M 1x Vin2 Ain M 2 x Vout
2
Aout Pressure is applied over all of
section 1.
Vin2 Ain Vout
2
Aout pin Aout pout Aout Momentum is transferred over
area corresponding to upstream
Ain pipe diameter.
2
Vout Vin2 Vin is velocity upstream.
pin pout Aout
Divide by (Aout )
g
 Head Loss due to
Sudden Expansion
pin pout Vin2 Vout
2 Ain Vout
Energy hL Mass A V
2g out in

2 Ain
Vout Vin
2

Momentum pin pout

Aout
g
2 Vout
2

2 out 2 in
V V 2
Vout 2VinVout Vin2
Vin Vin2 Vout
2
hL
hL 2g
2g 2g
2 2
V 2
Ain Ain
Vin Vout
2
hl in
1 KL 1
hl 2g A Aout
2g out

KL=1
Discharge into a reservoir?_________
 Example: Losses due to Sudden
Expansion in a Pipe (Teams!)
A flow expansion discharges 0.5 L/s
directly into the air. Calculate the pressure
immediately upstream from the expansion
1 cm 3 cm

We can solve this using either the momentum equation

or the energy equation (with the appropriate term for
3
the
energy losses)! 0.0005m / s
V1 6.4m / s
0.01m
2
Use the momentum equation
4
V2 0.71m / s Solution
 Scoop

A scoop attached to a locomotive is used to lift water from a

stationary water tank next to the train tracks into a water tank on the
train. The scoop pipe is 10 cm in diameter and elevates the water 3 m.
Draw several streamlines in the left half of the stationary water tank
(use the scoop as your frame of reference) including the streamlines
that attach to the submerged horizontal section of the scoop.
Use the streamlines to help you draw a control volume and clearly
label the control surfaces.
How fast must the locomotive be moving (V scoop) to get a flow of 4 L/s
if the frictional losses in the pipe are equal to 1.8 V 2/2g where V is the
average velocity of the water in the pipe. (V scoop = 7.7 m/s)
 Scoop

Q = 4 L/s

d = 10 cm
3m
Vscoop

stationary water tank

 Scoop Problem:
The Real Scoop
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL Energy
2g 2g

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2 Bernoulli
2g 2g

moving water tank

 Summary

Control volumes should be drawn so that

the surfaces are either tangent (no flow) or
normal (flow) to streamlines.
In order to solve a problem the flow
surfaces need to be at locations where all
but 1 or 2 of the energy terms are known
When possible choose a frame of reference
so the flows are steady
 Summary

Control volume equation: Required to make

the switch from Lagrangian to Eulerian
Any conservative property can be evaluated
using the control volume equation
mass, energy, momentum, concentrations of
species
Many problems require the use of several
conservation laws to obtain a solution

end
 Scoop Problem

stationary water tank

 Scoop Problem:
Change your Perspective

moving water tank

 Scoop Problem:
Be an Extremist!
Very long riser tube

Very short riser tube

 Example: Conservation of Mass
(Team Work)
The flow through the orifice is a function of the depth
of water in the reservoir Q CAor 2gh
Find the time for the reservoir level to drop from 10 cm
to 5 cm. The reservoir surface is 15 cm x 15 cm. The
orifice is 2 mm in diameter and is 2 cm off the bottom
of the reservoir. The orifice coefficient is 0.6.
CV with constant or changing mass.
Draw CV, label CS, solve using variables starting with
to integration step

cs
V n dA
t dV
cv
 Example Conservation of Mass
Constant Volume

V n dA
cs
t dV
cv
cs1 h
V
cs1
1 1
1dA 2 V2
n
cs2
2 dA
n 0

cs2
Vres Ares Vor Aor 0 Vor Aor Qor

dh
Vres
dt
dh
Ares CAor 2 gh 0
dt
 Example Conservation of Mass
Changing Volume

V n dA
cs
t dV
cv
cs1 h

Vor Aor
t dV
cv
cs2
dV Ares dh
Vor Aor
dt dt

Vor Aor Qor

dh
Ares CAor 2 gh 0
dt
 Example Conservation of Mass
h t
Ares dh
CAor 2g

h0 h
dt
0

Ares

2 h1 / 2 h01 / 2 t
CAor 2g

2 0.15m
2

0.002m 2

0.03m
1/ 2
0.08m
1/ 2
t
0.6 2 9.8m / s 2
4

t 591s
 Pump Head
2
Vout
pin Vin2 out
zin in hP 2g
2g
2
pout Vout
zout out hT hL
2g
hp

Vin2
in
2g
Example: Venturi
 Example: Venturi
Find the flow (Q) given the pressure drop between section 1 and
2 and the diameters of the two sections. Draw an appropriate
control volume. You may assume the head loss is negligible.
Draw the EGL and the HGL.

1 2
 Example Venturi
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g

pin pout 2
Vout Vin2 Q VA

2g 2g Vin Ain Vout Aout

pin pout V 2 d out

4
d in2 d out
2
Vin Vout
1
out
4 4
2g d in

Vin d in2 Vout d out
2

2 g ( pin pout )
Vout 2
d out
1 d out d in Vin Vout
4
d in2
2 g ( pin pout )
Q Cv Aout
1 d out din
4

 Reflections

What is the name of the equation that we used to move

from a system (Lagrangian) view to the control volume
(Eulerian) view?
Explain the analogy to your checking account.
The velocities in the linear momentum equation are
relative to ?
When is ma non-zero for a fixed control volume?
Under what conditions could you generate power from
a rotating sprinkler?
What questions do you have about application of the
linear momentum and momentum of momentum
equations?
 Temperature Rise over
Taughanock Falls
Drop of 50 meters
Find the temperature rise
Ignore kinetic energy

c p Tout Tin q net

in
hL T
9.8 m/s 50 m
2

g J
4184
Kg K
ghL q net
T in

cp T 0.117 K
 Hydropower

P QH p

Pwater 9806 N / m 3 5m 3 / s 50m 2.45MW

2.100 MW
etotal 0.857
2.45MW
rev 2 rad 1min
Pturbine 0.116 MNm 180 2.187 MW
min rev 60 s
2.187 MW
eturbine 0.893
2.45MW
2.100 MW
egenerator 0.96
2.187 MW
 Solution: Losses due to Sudden
Expansion in a Pipe
A flow expansion discharges 0.5 L/s directly into the air.
Calculate the pressure immediately upstream from the
expansion
A 1 cm
V22 V12 1
p1 p2 A2
3 cm
g 3
0.0005m / s
V 6.4m / s
0.01m
1
p1 V2 V1V2
2 A1 V2 2

g A2 V1 4
c
p1 V22 V1V2 h V2 0.71m / s
p 1000kg / s 0.71m / s 6.4m / s 0.71m / s
2
1

p1 4kPa Carburetors and water powered vacuums