Non Destructive

Testing
Devang Gandhi
Roll No : 001211301015
B. Met. Engg. 4th Year
Jadavpur University
OUTLINE
Introduction
Advantages
Industrial Use
Types
Applications
Reliability
Performance
Market
Introduction
Non Destructive Testing involves techniques based on application of
physical principles employed for purpose of determining characteristics
of materials or components and for detecting and assessing
inhomogeneity and harmful defects without changing the usefulness of
materials or components.
The methods used may be simple or intricate.
It plays a vast role in quality control of finished product.
Skilled judgments and experience is required while performing NDT.
Advantages

1. Flaw Detection and Evaluation

2. Leak Detection in Components

3. Location Determination and Orientation of Defects

4. Dimensional Measurements

5. Structure and Microstructure Characterization

6. Estimation of Mechanical Properties

7. Material Sorting and Chemical Composition

8. Assistance in Product Development

9. Improve and control Manufacturing Process

Industrial Use
Inspection of Raw Products Forgings, Castings, Extrusions.
Inspection following Secondary Processing Machining, Welding, Grinding,
Heat Treatment, Plating.
Inspection for In-Service Damage Cracking, Corrosion, Erosion/Wear, Heat
Damage.
Types of NDT

Liquid
Liquid Penetrant
Penetrant Magnetic
Magnetic Particle
Particle
Visual
Visual Examination
Examination Testing
Testing
Testing Testing

Eddy
Eddy Current
Current
Testing Radiography
Radiography Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic Testing
Testing
Testing
Visual Examination
Primary method of NDT
A simple visual test reveals gross surface defects.
Physical Principle : Illumination of the test specimen with light.
Equipments used are very simple and portable.
Most Valuable NDT Tool Human Eye.
Mainly performed to obtain the general condition of components.
Methodology
Use of Optical Instuments : Magnify defects, permit visual checks of unaccessible
areas, presence of foreign objects, formation of corrosive layer or even damage.

Instruments for Visual Examination

Applications
Inspection of plant components for leakage.
Misalignment in equipment parts.
Corrosion, erosion, cracks, fracture.
Minute discontinuities on parts like pumps, compressors.

Limitations
Detects only surface defects.
Cannot be used at places with bright exposure or no light.
Equipments cannot be exposed to hazardous places.
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Any material with relatively smooth, non porous surface on which discontinuities
or defects are present.
Physical Principle : Capillary Action of Liquid.
Use of Penetrant, Developer and Cleaner on test specimen.
Defects open to surface like cracks after rolling, casting, weld cracks, hot tears,
cold shuts, shrinkages can be detected.
Methodology
Use of Penetrant and Developer : Penetrant enters discontinuities and cracks by
capillary action mechanism and a developer is used to pull penetrant to surface.
Applications
For surface defects and flaw detection.
Applied on materials during in-service testing.
Large surfaces can be detected easily with low cost and short time.

Limitations
Detects only surface defects. Requires smooth, non porous material.
Penetrant used should neither be highly viscous nor less viscous.
Pre-cleaning is critical. Contaminants can mask defects.
Post-cleaning is essential to remove the chemicals.
Magnetic Particle Testing
Testing performed on Ferromagnetic materials with a smooth surface.
Fast approach, relatively easy to apply and surface preparation is not critical.
Physical Principle : Magnetization
Applicable for surface, sub-surface defects and all other defects (excluding
transverse direction)
Methodology
Applications

Detection on Ferromagnetic materials only.

Cracks oriented perpendicular to the current direction best observed.
Sensitivity also depends on the type of current used.

Limitations
Non Magnetic subsatnces cannot be evaluated.
Avoid local heating and burning of substances.
Demagnetization is important after performing the test.
Eddy Current Testing
Applied to electrically conducting materials for defect detection.
Sensitive to small cracks and near surface cracks.
Physical Principal : Electromagnetism.
Used for sorting materials, control of dimensions, measuring coating thickness.

Magnetic Field
From Probe

Test
Material

Eddy Currents
Methodology

Magnetic Field
From Test Coil

Magnetic Field
From
Eddy Currents

Crack
Eddy Currents

Nonconductive
Coating

Conductive
Base Metal

Eddy Currents
Applications
In-service examination of Heat Exchanger tubes.
Material sorting and Coating thickness.
Estimating the distribution of hardness and strength.

Limitations
Only for electrically conducting material.
Too many parameters affect the eddy probe impedance.
For critical applications, results need to be verified by another NDT method.
Radiography
Involves use of penetrating X- Ray or Gamma Rays to examine volumetric defects.
Source of Radiation X-ray machine or Radioactive isotopes.
Physical Principle : Penetrating power of High Frequency Wave.
Resulting shadowgraph is in the visible region zone.
Material thickness and density change are indicated on the film.
Methodology
High Electrical Potential = less exposure

= more exposure
Electrons
+ -

X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation

Gamma-ray film

Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample

Exposure Recording Device

Top view of developed film
Applications
Whenever interior of an object needs to be checked.
To check internal faults and construction defects.
To perform measurements of size, i.e. thickness.

Limitations
Upper Limit of Thickness through which radiation can penetrate.
Access to both sides of the object must be available.
Relatively expensive equipment and needs skilled operator.
Ultrasonic Testing
Use of High Frequency Sound Waves to detect imperfections or to locate changes
in material properties.
Time travel between transmission and reception of pulses gives clues regarding
internal structure of the material.
The probe used is of split type, having transmitter on one end and receiver on
the other end.
Methodology
The reflected sound energy versus time plot is shown on the oscilloscope screen.
The high trace indicate full thickness of the test-piece whereas the short trace
indicates the crack.

initial
pulse

back surface
echo
crack
echo

crack

0 2 4 6 8 10 plate

Oscilloscope, or flaw
detector screen
Applications
Applicable to almost all materials.
Testing can be carried out from one accessible surface only.
At a time, very large section thickness can be evaluated.

Limitations
Test method is operator dependent. Needs highly skilled operatorii.
High Frequency Waves are required.
Applications

Power Plant Inspection Heat Exchanger Tubes

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Eddy Current

Applications

Power Plant Inspection Cable Wires

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Magnetic Particle

Applications

Power Plant Inspection Storage Tank Body

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Ultrasound

Applications

Power Plant Inspection Thin Outer Body of Aircraft

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Eddy Current

Applications

Power Plant Inspection Innumerous Engine Parts

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Fluorescent Penetrant

Applications

Power Plant Inspection Railway Tracks

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Magnetic Particle

Applications

Power Plant Inspection Bridge Cables

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Acoustic Emission

Applications
Power Plant Inspection Inner Surface of Pipes

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Radiography

Applications

Power Plant Inspection Pressure Vessels

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Aircraft Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Rail Line Inspection

Bridge Inspection

Pipe Line Inspection

Pressure Vessel Inspection NDT Method Used : Radiography

Reliability
Major Factors affecting Reliability :
Size of Defect
type of NDT used
Inspection Environment
Quality of Equipment
Capability of Operator

Properties Liquid Magnetic Eddy Radiography Ultrasonic

Penetrant Particle Current
Materials ALL Magnetic Conducting ALL ALL
Applicable
Detection Surface Surface, Sub- Surface, Sub- Volumetric Volumetric
Capability surface surface
Depth Sizing NO NO YES YES YES
Orientation NO NO YES YES YES
Evaluation
Performance

Legend : Good Recommended NDT Method

Moderate NDT Method Can Be Applied
Bad NDT Method Not Used Normally
Market of NDT
Non Destructive Testing Market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.5% to reach
the worth $1720.96 Million by 2020.
Major Revenue Generating Regions U. S. and Europe.
Latin America and Asia-Pacific are emerging markets.
Brazil, India and China have immense growth potential for NDT.
THANK YOU