COMPARATIVE STUDY ON

THE PRODUCTION OF
BIOMASS BRIQUETTES
FROM PAPER, RICE HUSK
AND DRIED LEAVES

Researcher: Vincent Emilio L. Chan

Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapter One is divided into five parts: (1)

Background of the Study, (2) Statement of the
Objectives and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the
Study, (4) definition of Terms and (5) Delimitations
of the Study
 Part One, Background of the Study, gives a general
explanation about the research problem and the
rationale why the study is being conducted

Part Two, Research objectives and Hypothesis shows

the goal of the study and specific problems to be
known with hypothesis to be experimented
 Part Three, Significance of the Study, presents the
application of the gathered knowledge which can be
advantageous to the different associations and can
improve the results of the study

Part Four, Definition of Terms, contains the proper

definitions of keyword present in the study

Part Five, Delimitations of the Study, distinguishes

the scope and limitations encountered along the
study
Background of the Study and Theoretical
Framework

Fuel is basics need in our daily life. It is use

in household like cooking our food that we
eat every day. Now, in our community we use
a lot of fuel usually charcoal since it is the
most due to its large quantity and
distributions and sometimes we waste a lot
of it.
 From the finest quality paper through to the

thickest, strongest corrugated carton, the

manufacturing process for this renewable resource

is the same. Paper products have a vast range of

useful applications - it can be made soft and

delicate as the lightest tissue or strong and tough

enough to be used as a construction material.

The researcher wants to find a solution on how to
find a source of fuel from a certain material that is
efficient and less cheap.

Paper is an incredibly versatile substance made

from naturally occurring plant fibres called
cellulose. Originally derived from cloth rags and
grasses, paper is now predominantly made with
wood (in Europe, non-wood based pulp accounts
for just 1.3% of pulp production).
 And this ubiquitous substance continues to reveal
new attributes: paper can be treated and made fire-
resistant and it can even be waterproofed and used
in boat hulls (Paperonline, 2016).

According to Renewable Energy World (1999),

residential waste is closely related with every
citizen each day, which refers to the wastes
generated by households living, including kitchen
and gardens organic wastes,
recyclable waste such as paper, textile, plastics,
etc., and non-recyclable wastes and batteries-
like hazardous waste.

There are a wide range of materials that can

be used to make briquettes, such as waste
paper, cardboard, water hyacinth, agricultural
residues, charcoal dust, and wood wastes like
sawdust.
 The rice husk (or hull) is the outermost layer of
the paddy grain that is separated from the rice
grains during the milling process. Around 20% of
paddy weight is husk and rice production in Asia
produces about 770 million tons of husks annually.
According to Martin Gummert, rice husk was largely
considered a waste product that was often burned
or dumped on landfills (IRRI, n. d.).
 Most farmers all over the world grow rice and
human beings do have a large consumption of rice
every day, which means that there are tons of rice
husks in the world each year. Besides, as they are
very loose, they cannot be used as fuel. Therefore,
rice husks, as a large portion of biomass energy
produced in the rice growing regions has been
lying as waste at the rice mills in many countries
(gcmachines, 2014).
 A leaf is a flat, thin plant organ that uses the sun
to make its own food. In general leaves are green
and use the chemical called chlorophyll to trap
energy from the sun. This process is known as
photosynthesis. The energy is used to combine
water from the soil and carbon dioxide gas from
the air to make sugar. Oxygen is released during
this process a process called Respiration.
 The leaf acts almost like a solar panel for attracting
energy from the sun. Leaves are prominent in the human
diet as leaf vegetables like lettuce (Sciencewithme,
2016).

According to Biomassmagazine (2016), fuel briquettes

generated by the low-pressure compaction of paper,
sawdust, agricultural or yard waste, etc. currently serve
as an alternative to firewood, wood pellets and charcoal
in developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America.
 The materials for bio briquettes including paper,
leaves, pine needles, sawdust and shop waste
were ground into particles of 6 to 8 millimeters
(mm) in diameter to increase surface area for
soaking and to enhance packing efficiency.
Research Objectives
There is information regarding the paper, coconut
rice husk and dried leaves as a biomass briquette:

General Objective:

To attain efficiency on fuel saving and to find

an alternative substitute for as typical biomass
fuel in cheaper, affordable and easy way.
 Produce something new and original to the eyes of
the masses and a product thats so new that they
would find it useful and helpful in their everyday lives.

Specific Objective:

To determine the potential of paper, rice husk

and dried leaves to produce a biomass fuel in the
product of briquette.
 To determine the efficiency of the homemade
biomass briquette using cooking and ignition test.

Hypothesis

Based on the proceeding problems, the

hypothesis states that there is no significant effects
between the different amounts of paper,
carbonized rice husk and dried leaves when used
as materials to produce briquettes.
Significance of the Study

The result will be beneficial to the following:

Students- this study would benefit the students

for they would gain some knowledge and thoughts
on which they can share to others or may give
them ideas to try other things that may have
wonder them. It can refresh their minds and they
can find new things around.
 Teachers- this study would benefit the teachers for
they may learn and understand the things that bother
them and they can share the ideas they learn to their
fellow students that can motivate them to explore new
many things.

Briquette Producer- this study would benefit the

briquette producer for they will have new ideas, great
and affordable products that will motivate the buyers to
buy wisely because of its cheap and affordable price.
 Future Researchers-this study could benefit the
future researchers for they can gain some new
ideas or they can form out of something from the
study that will motivate them to use and apply it to
their own study. For them to encourage other
researchers who have difficulties in their studies
and to gain new things and tactics for their study.
 Government- this study would benefit the
government for they can gain knowledge and the
government could share and spread on what they
have learned on the studies and the people will be
aware on buying cheap and affordable materials.
 Definition of Terms

The following terms given are defined conceptually

and operationally for better

understanding:

Paper- a substance made from wood pulp, rags,

straw, or other fibrous material, usually in thin
sheets, used to bear writing or printing, for wrapping
things, etc.
A written or printed document or the like (Idioms
Dictionary, 1995).

In this study, papers are pulp with water and use

as the material use in making the briquettes.

Rice Husk-is the outermost layer of protection

encasing a rice grain. It is a yellowish color and has a
convex shape. It is slightly larger than a grain of rice,
thus lengths up to 7mm are possible (Ricehusk,
2016).
 In this study, rice husk is carbonized and use as
the material use in making the briquettes.

Leaf- one of the flat and typically green parts

of a plant that grow from a stem or twig and a
sheet of paper from a book. A part that can be
added to or removed from a table to change
the size of its top surface (Merriam Webster,
1828).
 In this study, dried leaves are use as the
material use in making the briquettes.

Dried- having no or very little water or liquid or

no longer wet. Having no rain or little rain (Merriam
Webster, 1828).

In this study, the leaves we collect are already

dried.
 Biomass- is energy that is organic matter,
especially plant matter that can be converted to fuel
and is therefore regarded as a potential energy
source (Dictionary, 2016).

In this study, the briquette produced is made of

biomass materials.
 Briquette- a small block of compressed coal dust
or charcoal used for fuel, especially in
barbecuing.A molded block of any material
(Dictionary, 2016).

In this study, the product made from the

materials given is briquette.

Delimitation of the Study

The main purpose of the study was to determine
the potential of paper, carbonized rice husk and
dried leaves as biomass briquettes.

The research study will be conducted at the

researchers house, Old Poblacion, Buenavista,
Guimaras.
 This study focused on the difference between the

varying amount of paper, rice husk and dried leaves

when used to create a briquette.

This research had three variables: the dependent,

the independent, and the controlled variable.

 The independent variable included the different
amount of paper, carbonized rice husk and dried
leaves, the dependent variable in the study was
the result produced by the product, and the
controlled variable is the artificial charcoal.
 Conceptual
Framework
Set up A: 700 grams of
pulp paper with 30 grams
of cornstarch as binder
Set up B: 700 grams of
carbonized rice husk with
30 grams of cornstarch as The length of fire
binder produce of the
Set up C: 700 grams of biomass briquettes
dried leaves with 30
grams of cornstarch as
binder

Set up D: Artificial
Charcoal
 Chapter II
Review of related literature\ Related studies\
Conceptual framework

This chapter deals with the review of literature

related to the study. It is divided into four parts: (1)
Review of Related Literature, (2) Related Studies,
(3) Conceptual Framework, (4) Summary.
 Part One, Review of Related Literature,
tackles about Paper, Rice Husk and Dried Leaves.

Part Two, Review of Related Studies,

presents previous study which has the relation to
the study.

Part Three, Conceptual Framework, where

the study would pattern.

Part Four, Summary, discusses the

Paper

Paper making is one of the inventions by Chinese.

105 A.D. is often cited as the year in which
papermaking was invented. In that year, historical
records show that the invention of paper was
reported to the Eastern Han Emperor Ho-di by Ts'ai
Lun, an official of the Imperial Court.
 Recent archaeological investigations, however,
place the actual invention of papermaking some
200 years earlier and later it was discovered that
the quality of paper could be much improved with
the addition of rags hemp and old fish nets to the
pulp. The paper was soon widely used in China and
spread to the rest of world through the Silk Road
(silk-road, 1997).
 Paper is an incredibly versatile substance made
from naturally occurring plant fibres called
cellulose. Originally derived from cloth rags and
grasses, paper is now predominantly made with
wood (in Europe, non-wood based pulp accounts
for just 1.3% of pulp production). From the finest
quality paper through to the thickest, strongest
corrugated carton, the manufacturing process for
this renewable resource is the same.
 Paper products have a vast range of useful
applications - it can be made soft and delicate as
the lightest tissue or strong and tough enough to
be used as a construction material. And this
ubiquitous substance continues to reveal new
attributes: paper can be treated and made fire-
resistant and it can even be waterproofed and used
in boat hulls (paperonline, 2016).
 Paper has uses in the medical industry to make
bandages and surgical dressings as well as surgical
gowns. It is used to make many home decor items,
including sturdy laminated kitchen countertops,
flooring and wallpaper. Rags used to be the main
ingredient of paper for many years, but now most
types of paper are made out of wood pulp
(reference, 2016).
 According to Biomassmagazine (2016), fuel
briquettes generated by the low-pressure
compaction of paper, sawdust, agricultural or yard
waste, currently serve as an alternative to
firewood, wood pellets and charcoal in developing
countries in Africa, Asia and South America.
 The energy produced when properly moulded bio
briquettes are combusted is comparable to traditional
fuels. These bio briquettes can be burned in
unmodified wood and wood pellet stoves, fireplaces,
patio heaters and charcoal grills, and provides a low-
cost method for converting organic wastes into energy.
 Rice Husk

The rice husk (or hull) is the outermost layer of the

paddy grain that is separated from the rice grains
during the milling process. Around 20% of paddy
weight is husk and rice production in Asia produces
about 770 million tons of husks annually.
 In India, a nongovernment organization uses rice
husk to supply rural villages with cheap and affordable
electricity, while a company in Spain saves the
environment one wood-free chopstick at a time (irri, n.
d.).

According to Martin Gummert, postharvest expert

at the International Rice Research Institute, rice husk
was largely considered a waste product that was often
burned or dumped on landfills.
 The produced partially burnt husk from the milling
plants when used as a fuel also contributes to
pollution and efforts are being made to overcome
this environmental issue by utilizing this material as
a supplementary cementing material.

Rice husk is an agricultural residue which accounts

for 20% of the 649.7million tons of rice produced
annually worldwide.
 The chemical composition of rice husk is found to
vary from one sample to another due to the
differences in the type of paddy, crop year, climate
and geographical conditions (scielo, 2009).

Rice husk from paddy (Oryza sativa) is one

example of alternative material that has a great
potential.
 Rice husk a major by-product of the rice milling
industry, is one of the most commonly available
lignocellulosic materials that can be converted to
different types of fuels and chemical feedstocks
through a variety of thermochemical conversion
processes. It is an agricultural residue abundantly
available in rice producing countries. It is used as
fuel in the rice mills to generate steam for the
parboiling process.
 This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile
matter and the balance 25 % of the weight of this
husk is converted into ash during the firing process,
is known as rice husk ash (nnir, n. d.).

According to wood- pellet- mill (2000), the

advantages of using rice husk pellets are good to
environment compare of burning rice husk,
 it is convenient that is densified and more
compacted which make the feeding automated
heating system more easily, high effectiveness
because rice husk pellet burn longer and
combustion rate above 95%, and wide application
as it can be using any appliances.
Leaves
The leaf is a part of the plant that is charge of
making food for the plant. The parts are petiole (a
thin stalk that connects the blade of the leaf to the
plant's stem), and blade (a thin stalk that connects
the blade of the leaf to the plant's stem). Leaves
come in a variety of shapes, sizes, color, and
textures.
 Leaves can be grouped as simple with one blade
or compound with many leaflets. The edges of
leaves can be smooth, have jagged edges referred
to as toothed or scalloped edges referred to as
lobed edges. Leaves can also be divided into how
their veins are arranged. Some leaves have special
features such as spines and bud scales to protect
them.
 Leaves contain other substances besides
chlorophyll that give the leaf color. These
substances are called pigments and cause leaves
to turn colors in autumn (mcwdn, n. d.).

Leaves are use as food (leaves are widely

used for culinary purposes. Now a day people
concentrate on eating more leaves because they
are very good for maintaining a good health.
 Fast food giants like McDonalds and pizza hut
started providing salads as side dishes), medicine
(Herbal medicine refers to using plant's leaves,
seeds, berries, roots, bark, or flowers for medicinal
purposes. The value of using herbal medicine in
treating and preventing disease is increasing
rapidly), beverages (Leaves are used to make
beverages like tea.
 Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared from the
cured leaves by combination with hot or boiling
water. It has a cooling, slightly bitter, astringent
flavor), skin tattoo, pest control, recreational
drugs, cigarettes and other uses (bukisa, 2008).
Related
Studies
1. In the study entitled Fuel Characterization of

Briquettes Produced from Corncob and Rice Husk

Resides (2010) by Oladeji J. T. Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University

of Technology stated that, the selection or choice of

agro-waste briquettes for domestic and industrial

cottage applications depends on the fuel properties

 and investigations were carried out on properties of
briquettes produced from corncob and rice husk
residues with a view to finding out which of the two
residues examined can be used more efficiently and
rationally as fuel. Ultimate and proximate analyses
were carried out to determine the average
composition of their constituents. A simple prototype
briquetting machine was fabricated to facilitate
densification of these residues into briquettes.
 2. In the study entitled Rice Husk Energy
Technologies in Bangladesh (2007) by
Ahiduzzaman M. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute
stated that, this study was conducted to focus on
the improvement of rice husk energy and
constraints for technologies dissemination in
Bangladesh. The performances of the rice husk
energy technologies were studied.
 The benefits of the use of rice husk energy
technologies were analyzed and the constraints to
its dissemination were found out during this study.
This biomass energy is playing a significant role in
the country energy use.
 3. In the study entitled Development of Rice Husk
Briquettes for Use as Fuel (2012) by Yahaya D. B. and
Ibrahim T. G. Department of Mechanical Engineering
stated that, Rice husk, which is a large portion of
biomass produced in the rice growing regions has been
lying waste at the rice mills in most part of this country.
It was investigated as a source of solid fuel; two sets of
solid fuel briquettes were produced from rice husk
using starch and
Arabic as binders. The briquetting was carried out
manually using a dead weight. Good and strong
briquettes were produced. Water boiling tests were
carried out which showed that 1kg of rice husk -
gum Arabic briquette and rice husk - starch
briquette took 15 minutes respectively to boil 2
litres of water where as it took 1.2kg of firewood 21
minutes to boil the same quantity of water.
 4. In the study entitled Production of Fuel
Briquettes from Waste Paper and Coconut Husk
Admixtures (2007) by Olorunnisola A. Department
of Agricultural & Environmental Engineering stated
that, Nigeria has abundant supplies of biomass
resources, particularly agro-forestry residues and
municipal solid waste, whose potentials are yet to
be fully tapped for energy generation.
 The study was undertaken to investigate the
properties of fuel briquettes produced from a
mixture of a municipal solid waste and an
agricultural residue, i.e., shredded waste paper and
hammer milled coconut husk particles. Briquettes
were manufactured using a manually-operated
closed end die piston press at an average pressure
of 1.2 x 103 N/m2 using four coconut husk: waste
paper mixing ratios (by weight), i.e., 0:100; 5: 95;
 5. In the study entitled Briquetting of Biomass
and Urban Wastes Using A Household Briquette
Molder (n. d.) by Romallosa Aries Roda D. and
Hornada Kristofer John C. Stated that, this study
was conducted to produce briquettes as
alternative source of energy from abundant
biomass and urban wastes using a locally
fabricated household briquette molder which is
composed of molders, handle and frame.
 The mixtures used were the following:
Briquette 1: paper (100%); Briquette 2:
carbonized rice husk or CRH (71%) +
cornstarch (29%); Briquette 3: Sawdust (71%) +
cornstarch (29%); Briquette 4: paper (50%) +
CRH (50%); Briquette 5: paper (50%) + sawdust
(50%); and Briquette 6: paper (50%) + CRH
(25%) + sawdust (25%).
Smaller sizes of balled homogeneous
materials were placed into each of the
molder of the machine. The materials were
compacted by closing and pressing down the
movable upper half portion of the molder then
the briquettes produced were placed on trays for
sun drying until ideal for fuel use.
Summar
y Paper is an incredibly versatile substance made
from naturally occurring plant fibers called cellulose.
It is originally one of the inventions by the Chinese.
Originally derived from cloth rags and grasses,
paper is now predominantly made with wood. It can
be made soft and delicate as the lightest tissue or
strong and tough enough to be used as a
construction material.
Paper products have a vast range of useful
applications .It is used to make many home decor
items, including sturdy laminated kitchen
countertops, flooring and wallpaper. Paper can be
used as alternative to firewood and wood pellets.

Therice husk(or hull) is the outermost layer

of the paddy grain that is separated from the
rice grains during the milling process.
 A product that was often burned or dumped on
landfills. It is one of the most commonly available
lignocellulosic materials that can be converted to
different types of fuels and chemical feedstocks
through a variety of thermochemical conversion
processes. It is used in mills to generate steam for
the parboiling process. This husk contains about 75
% organic volatile matter and the balance 25 %.
 The leaf is a part of the plant that is charge of
making food for the plant. The parts are petiole,
and blade. Leaves come in a variety of shapes,
sizes, color, and textures. Leaves can be grouped
as simple with one blade or compound with many
leaflets. Leaves contain other substances besides
chlorophyll that give the leaf color.
Leaves are use as food. Now a day people
concentrate on eating more leaves because they
are very good for maintaining a good health. Uses
of leaves are being used in medicine, beverages,
skin tattoo, pest control, recreational drugs,
cigarettes and other uses.
Chapter
III Methodology

Chapter three is divided into six parts: (1)

Purpose of the Study and Research Design; (2)
Materials and Equipment; (3) Procedure; (4) Data
Gathering and Analysis Procedure; (5) Statistical
Analysis Procedure; and (6) Research Procedural
Design.
 Part One, Purpose of the Study and Research
Design shows the intention of the researcher and
the treatments to be used in the study.

Part Two, Materials and Equipment, presents the

materials and equipment that would be used in the
study and their function.

Part Three, Procedure, states the methods of the

study.
 Part Four, Data Gathering and Analysis
Procedure.

Part Six, Research Procedural Design,

shows the proposed flow in the conduct of
the proposed study.
 Purpose of the Study and Research
Design
The main purpose of this study is to determine the
potential of paper, rice husk and dries leaves as
biomass briquettes and to determine the length of
fire produce on the varying amount of paper, rice
husk and dries leaves.
 This study employed descriptive experimental
design. Experimental research is a type of research
where in at least one independent variable is
deliberately manipulated by the researcher to
produce an effect. It has been considered and this
study will utilize the use of Completely Randomized
Design (CRD) with four treatments including the
positive control. Each treatment was replicated three
times.
Preparation of
Treatments
There are four treatments involved in this study:

Treatment one- 70% pure paper in 30% cornstarch

Treatment Two- 70% pure carbonized rice husk in

30% cornstarch

Treatment Three-70% pure dried leaves with 30%

cornstarch

Treatment Four (+) control- charcoal

 T1 R R R R

T2
R R R R

T3

R R R R
T4

R R R R

Figure 1. Treatments arranged in CRD

Materials and
Equipment
The materials and equipment that were used
during the conduct of the research during the
conduct of the study are as follows:
Quantity Materials / Equipment Function

1000g Paper Waste Material need in making

the briquette

1L Tap Water Mix to pulp the materials

1000g Dried Leaves Material need in making

the briquette

1 pc Molder Use in molding the raw

materials

1 pc Weighing Scale Use in weighing the raw

materials

1 pc Journal Use in recording data in

the experiment

1 pc Pen Use in writing down the

data
 1 pc Stud Bolt with Nut Material needed in making

the molder

1 pc GI Pipe with Steel Plate Material needed in making

the molder
1 pc Stopwatch Use in measuring the

length of fire produced by

the briquettes
1000g Rice Husk Material needed in making

the briquettes
1 pc Journal Use in recording data in

the experiment

1 pc Pen Use in writing down the

data

Table 1. List of Materials use in the experiment

Procedure
s
This study will be conducted based on the
procedures that are stated below:

Technical Description of the Machine Used for

Briquette Production

A simple briquette molder will be developed to

produce briquettes at the household level.
 The briquette molder will be constructed using
locally available materials. It is made at a local
wielding shop making it easier for adoption in
production of small scale briquettes using any
material. The machine, as presented in Figure 2, is
composed of the briquette molder, a frame, and a
handle.
 Briquette Molder. A galvanized iron (GI) piped will be
used to contain the prepared mixture for compaction.
Its height is 8 in. and the diameter is 2 in. The molders
were fabricated using a standard (Schedule 40) thick
round pipe and welded to attain a round shaped
briquette.

Handle. This is the part of the machine that

maneuvers the movement of the upper half of the
molder.
This is also responsible in creating the pressure needed
in the compaction of the mixtures. A (Schedule 20)
galvanized iron (GI) pipe with a length of 10 in in both
sides of the handle and were welded to the nut so that
when compressing, the handle will twist.

Frame. A 12mm round bar were used as frame of the

briquette molder. The frames were used as support
during compression of the prepared mixtures.
Preparation of Materials

Paper, carbonized rice husk and dried leaves

were gathered in Sto. Rosario, Bunavista,
Guimaras. The papers used were wastes generated
from Old Poblacion Elementary School. These
papers were a combination of mostly waste paper
and corrugated paper (cartons). The biomass
wastes, on the other hand were get from the
farmland located at Rizal, Bunavista, Guimaras.
Washing of Equipments

All equipments that will be used in the

experiment will be wahsed using hot water and dry
in open air.

Production and Evaluation of Briquettes

Three different types of briquette were produced

using biomass and urban wastes. Presented in Table
1 are the different mixing proportions of the tested
material.
Table 2. Mixing Composition of Tested Mixtures
Briquette 1 will be produced using 70% paper that
will be pulped prior to briquetting with 30%
cornstarch as binder.
Briquette 2 on the other hand will be made of 70%
carbonized rice husk (CRH) with 30% cornstarch.
Briquette 3 will be made of 70% dried leaves and
30% cornstarch.

The dry weight of biomass and urban wastes were

fixed at 1000 g. A weighing scale is use in measuring
the weight of the materials. However, the total fresh
weight of briquettes produce per type varies due to
the added weight of water after the paper, rice husk
and dried leaves undergo pulping. Once the mixture
is attain, smaller sizes of balled materials were place
into each of the molder of the machine. Once the
materials are place in the molder, it is compress by
pressing down the upper part of the molder. One
hand of the operator holds the handle while the
other hand prevents the machine from tipping down.
Excess water especially in mixtures with the
materials is also removed from the compaction.
After, compaction, the movable top was lifted to
take out the briquettes produced. The briquettes
were then place on trays and were sundried for
more than 5 days. Once dried, the fuels were
weighed again and the dimensions of the
briquettes were measured using a caliper.
The following parameters were analyzed for this
study:

Length of Fire. This represents the length of fire

produced by the briquettes. This was measured by
the use of a stopwatch.

The summary of the procedure in briquette

production is presented in Figure 3. This involved
four major steps, namely: preparation of materials
( pulped and squeezed waste paper, carbonized rice
husk, and sawdust), mixing of the prepared
materials by hand, compaction of the materials
using the developed briquette molder, and
sundrying of the briquettes to produce the finished
products.

Performance Evaluation

Performance evaluation of briquettes will be done

in three test runs.
 Boiling of water and cooking of rice using the three
different types of briquettes produced and charcoal
as fuel were performed simultaneously using an
ordinary charcoal stove found in the market. At the
start of every boiling and cooking operation, the
number of briquettes and charcoal was set to twelve
(12) pieces. The fuel will be gradually added to the
stove until the required operation was performed.
Two liters of water will be used for the water boiling
test and 750g of rice with the same amount of
water was utilized for the cooking test. The total
weight of fuel used and the total number of
briquettes used as fuel used were noted including
the total time of operation. After every boiling and
cooking test, the lengths of fire produced by the
briquettes were measured.
All data presented in the results are averaged

figures after the test were performed in three runs.

Statistical Analysis of Data

The average of all parameters analyzed was

computed using the arithmetic mean. One way

analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to

determine whether the means of parameters of the

performance of the molder based on the

different briquettes produced analyzed were
significantly different from each other.
End
Of

Presentation