If any of you lacks wisdom, you

should ask God,who gives

generously to all without finding
fault, and it will be given to you.
James 1:5 (NIV)
CHEMISTR
Y
The branch of science that deals with the study of
matter.
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY
Authored Elements of Chemistry in
1787
Compiled the first complete list of
elements (at that time)
Discovered oxygen and hydrogen
Developed the metric system/scale
Adapted in the PH and most
countries
SI system is based on the metric
scale (used by scientists, engineers
& mathematicians)
CHEMISTRY -THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT
DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF MATTER.
ATOMIC THEORY
John Dalton, atom is the smallest particle
Atoms cannot be changed

Today:
Atoms can gain or lose electrons
Nucleus can be changed

Atom = indivisible or uncutable

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:

1.Electron
2.Proton
3.Neutron
 1911
positively
charged
nucleus

1919 -
protons
1 Proton mass =
1836 Electron
mass
1 Neutron mass=
1839 Electron
mass
THE ATOMIC MODELS
The Thomson Model
(The Plum-Pudding Model)
THE ATOMIC MODELS

The Rutherford Model

(The Planetary Model)

Nucleus volume = atom volume

THE ATOMIC MODELS
The Bohr Model
THE ATOMIC MODELS
The Schrodinger Model
(Electron Cloud Model)
BOHR MODEL
electrons have quantum or energy which
corresponds to their distance to the nucleus.
The further the electrons are away from the
nucleus, the greater the energy.
Electron's further from the nucleus are held
more weakly by the nucleus, and thus can be
removed by spending less energy. Hence we
say they have higher energy.
Valence electron outer shell

Conductivity:
>4 insulator
<4 conductor
=4 semiconductor
Atomic number = number of
protons
Atomic mass # mass number
Atomic mass - can be seen in
the periodic table
Grams/mole
Mass number = no. of protons
+ no. of neutrons (whole
number)
ISOTOPE
varieties of the same
element

12.011 grams/mole

is the weighted average of

the mass numbers of the
isotopes.
REMEMBER!
Element = atom
Compound =
molecule
MOLE
One of the 7 base SI units
Amount or quantity of a
substance
Mostly used in sciences
EXAMPLE 1
Find the molecular weight (MW)
of water in grams/mole.
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the number of moles
present in 152 grams of Water.
EXAMPLE 3
A sample of a pure compound contains
9.81 grams of zinc, 1.8 x 10^23 atoms of
chromium and 0.60 moles of oxygen
atoms. What is the simplest chemical
formula in terms of number of moles of
the 3 elements?
MOLARITY (M)

Moles solute = no. of moles

EXAMPLE 4
What is the molarity of a hydrogen
peroxide solution prepared by mixing
13.0 grams of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) per 300mL of solution?
MOLALITY

Moles solute = no. of moles

EXAMPLE 5
What is the molality of a solution in
which 32 grams of H2SO4 (molecular
weight = 98 grams/mole) is dissolved
in quarter of a kilo of water?
GAS LAWS
BOYLES LAW
Robert Boyle states that, At constant
temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure applied.

CHARLES LAW
Jacques Alexandre Charles states that, At
constant pressure, the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to the temperature
applied.
AVOGADROS LAW
Lorenzo Amadeo Avogadro states that, the
volume of a gas and the number of moles
present is directly proportional at constant
temperature and pressure.

THE IDEAL GAS LAW

Where: R = gas constant

PROBLEM 6
Under a pressure of 770 torr,
150ml of gas is enclosed inside a
cylinder. What will be the volume in
liters of the same amount of gas if
the pressure is increased to 1500
torr?
PROBLEM 7
In a nuclear explosion, one cubic
foot of air is heated from 0 C to
500,000 C. To what volume does
the air expand?
PROBLEM 8
What is the pressure required to
compress 3 liters of a gas at 720
mm of pressure and 20 C
temperature into a vessel of -100
C?
PROBLEM 9
A chemist has a gas under a pressure of
30atm and it occupies a volume of 25
liters at 300 C. For his research, the gas
must be at standard conditions. Once
he will perform his experiments, what
will the volume of the gas be?
 QUESTIONS/
CLARIFICATIONS?