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Chapter 6
Highway Drainage
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
Poor drainage can cause water spraying on the windshield, thus reducing visibility, and
reduces the grip between the tyre and the road which can lead to skidding.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON:
HIGHWAY SURFACE
Stagnant pools of water on the road can:
- slow down traffic
- cause accidents due to skidding and low visibility
HIGHWAY STRUCTURE
Surface run-offs and subsoil moisture can reduce the strength of the construction
materials:
- High moisture content in the subgrade will reduce the stability of the soil, leading to
pavement failure.
- Prolonged contact with water can cause stripping of aggregates from the bituminous
pavement, leading to the formation of potholes which slows down traffic and causea
damages to vehicles.
SOIL
Excess moisture content in the underlying soil can increase the weight of the soil and
increase stress conditions. These are the two main reasons for failure of slopes and
embankment foundations.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
Flexible Pavements are prone
to waves and corrugations due Rigid Pavements are prone
to poor drainage: to failures caused by mud-pumping:
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Surface Drainage
Cross Drainage
Subsurface Drainage 6
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Besides this, it should also include longitudinal channels (ditches), culverts and
bridges to provide for the discharge of surface water.
For urban highways, adequate transverse and longitudinal slopes are needed.
Longitudinal drains are usually underground pipe drains.
Transverse Slope
Curbs and
Surface Drainage Longitudinal Slope
Gutters
Longitudinal
Channels 7
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
To facilitate the removal of surface water from the pavement surface in the shortest
possible time.
Roads have a slightly convex profile the middle is higher than the edges.
The inclination of the slope depends on the type of pavement and amount of rainfall.
To facilitate the removal of water along the longitudinal channels that run along the side
of the road.
Slopes not less than 0.2% are provided for highways in very flat terrain and 0.3% on
suitably crowned pavement. A minimum of 0.5% is recommended for curbed
pavements.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Longitudinal channels or ditches are constructed along the sides of highways to collect
and transport surface water to nearby drainage channels or natural waterways
(streams or rivers).
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Curbs help to control drainage by restricting the flow of surface water and transporting
the water into underground channels.
(Curbs are generally built to prevent encroachment of vehicles on adjacent areas and
to delineate pavement edge)
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
(2) Seepage
from road (3) Surface water that permeates through
shoulders cracks and joints in the road pavement
Subgrade
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Subsurface drainage plays an integral part in the overall highway drainage system.
Subsurface drainage should operate together with surface drainage in order to provide
an efficient drainage system for highways.
Longitudinal drains
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Consists of pipes laid in trenches within the pavement structure parallel to the
centreline of the highway.
The function of these pipes is to lower the water table below the pavement structure by
removing any water that is seeping through.
If the soil is permeable, construction of longitudinal drainage trenches with filter sand is
advisable.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Transverse drains are placed transversely below the pavement, usually in a direction
perpendicular to the centreline of the highway.
The function is to remove the groundwater that has infiltrated through the joints of the
pavements.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Drainage layers consist of coarse material which allows water to flow from fine grain
material of subgrade soil to the coarse drainage layer, and finally to permeable pipes
laid within the layer.
The size and spacing of this subsurface drainage depends on the quantity of water
discharge, type of soil and type of drains used.
However, one disadvantage is that the fine soil may be transmitted to the coarse soil
and eventually clogging the voids of the coarse soil.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Cross drainage culverts allow water from a stream to move from one side of the road
to the other without crossing the road surface.
These culverts should be placed at regular intervals along grades, below banked
seepages, and where water will run directly onto log landings or forest roads and trails.
Culverts need to be kept free of debris at all times. Otherwise, they will clog up and
become innefective.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Types of culverts:
DRAINAGE DETERIORATION
There are no specific drainage deterioration types in highways.
Damages can be triggered by heavy loads imposed, for example, heavy machinery
in construction works may impose load pressure to a subsurface drainage, causing the
drain pipes to be crushed or slightly damaged.
Damaged gully
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
One of the many tasks in Highway Maintenance is maintaining and repairing
drainage systems.
DRAINAGE INSPECTION
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Pending or delayed runoff of surface water allows seepage into the pavement structure
unless the surface is tightly sealed.
d) Erosion control
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Surface Drainage Maintenance
1) Mark and correct areas where pending (delayed runoff) occurs on surfaced
areas.
3) Control entry of storm water through pavement by sealing joints and cracks.
6) Sweep and clean roads to prevent collection of debris in gutters and inlets,
which could cause delay in the removal of surface water
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Shoulder Maintenance
Shoulders should be smooth and graded to ensure the water drains from the surfaced
areas towards the ditch.
It is important to keep shoulders bladed flush to the edge of the pavement (or slightly
below).
Slope away from the pavement to prevent water seepage into the
subgrade.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
It is essential to maintain ditches as to line and grade, and also correct sags and minor
washout as they occur.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Culvert Maintenance
Culverts should be clear from debris and sediment to prevent water from undermining
the culverts.
Culvert inspection must be done frequently to determine whether they are functioning
properly.
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
To reduce risks associated with swelling soils under or near hill roads, several
maintenance works should be done as mentioned below:
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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel