MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology
- from Greek word mkros, means
"small"; bios,means "life"; and , -logia)

-is the study of microscopic organisms, such as

bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa.

A microorganism (from
the Greek: mikros, "small" and, organisms,
"organism") is a microscopic living organism,
which may be single celled or multicellular.
Microbiology- the study of
microorganisms , a subject that began with
the discovery of microorganisms in 1674 by
AntonievanLeeuwenhoek, using a
microscope of his own design.

Smallpox was the first major disease to

be eradicated. Its eradication is the result of
a very effective attenuated vaccine which
was used throughout the world.
 ThreeDomainsofLife

1. Bacteria Domain
PROKARYOTES
2. Archaea Domain

3. Eukarya Domain EUKARYOTES

A prokaryote is a
single-celled
organism that lacks
a membrane-bound
nucleus (karyon),
mitochondria, or any
other membrane-
bound organelle.
 -The defining feature that sets eukaryotic cells
apart from prokaryotic cells (Bacteria and Archaea) is
that they have membrane-bound organelles,
especially the nucleus, which contains the genetic
material, and is enclosed by the nuclear envelope.
BranchesofMicrobiology
anditsRoleinthe
Environmentand
EngineeredSystem

Pure Microbiology
Applied Microbiology
Pure microbiology
SubBranches:

1. Bacteriology
-isthestudyofbacteria.This
subdivisionofmicrobiologyinvolves
theidentification,classification,and
characterizationofbacterialspecies.

.Apersonwhostudiesbacteriologyis
abacteriologist.
Bacteria
Bacteriaareunicellular
organismswhichdonothavea
nuclearmembrane.

Bacteriavaryinsizefrom0.1
mtomorethan5m.
 Classification of Bacteria
AccordingtoShape
Bacillirodlike
Coccispheres
Spirillacorkscrew-
shaped
AccordingtoLocomotion
About half of all prokaryotes are
capable of directional movement
The action of flagellais the most
common method of movement
AccordingtoStainingCapacity
Gram-positive(Gram+)
Gram-negative(Gram-)
AccordingtoNutrientRequirements
Autotrophs
-are organisms that are able to use inorganic carbon dioxide
as their sole carbon source for the biosynthesis of
macromolecules.
-Autotrophs can be further broken down into two categories:

1. chemoautotrophs-derive energy from the oxidation of

inorganic compounds such as iron, hydrogen sulfide and
hydrogen gas.
2. . Photoautotrophs, -such as the cyanobacteria, convert
light energy into chemical energy.
Heterotrophs

-require organic carbon for biosynthesis.

Heterotrophic organisms can also be divided into
two major subgroups.

1. Photoheterotrophs-use organic carbon

sources for biosynthesis but use light energy to
produce ATP (photosynthesis).

2. Chemoheterotrophs-use organic compounds

such as sugars, proteins and lipids as their source
of energy.
 BacterialReproduction
Fission-When the bacteria reproduce asexually by a
simple form of cell division produces cells that are identical.

Conjugation-A process where the bacteria reproduce

sexually transferring genetic material from donor
bacterium to a recipient.

Transformation-Process by which bacterial cells pick

up and incorporate DNA from dead bacterial cells.

Transduction-It uses a virus to transfer DNA from one

bacterial cell to another, It is the one way of getting bacteria
to make large amounts of proteins for research and
medicine.
 ImportanceofBacteria
Biotechnology
Products
As non polluting insecticides
Body
2.Mycology
-is the branch
of biology concerned with
the study of fungi,.

A biologist specializing
in mycology is called
a mycologist.
 Fungus-likeProtist
Small organisms that live in damp or watery places
Help to break down organic matter and few
important parasites of plants or animals
PLASMODIALSLIMEMOLDS
- have shiny, wet appearance and texture like a
gelatin. Plasmodium is the feeding stage in the life
cycle of a plasmodial slime mold they have masses
that can weigh up 50 g with a size like the palm of a
human hand.
CELLULARSLIMEMOLDS
- have an alternating amoeboid form and a
defined spore-producing fruiting body like the
plasmodial slime molds.
WATERMOLDS
- white rusts and
downy mildews. Their
cell walls produces
spores with flagella.
3.Protozoology
- is the study of protozoa, the "animal-like
(i.e., motile and heterotrophic) protists.

Protozoa
-are a diverse group of
unicellular eukaryotic
organisms.
 TYPESOFPROTOZOA

Sarcodinians
-They move by extending their cytoplasm,
Amoebas belong to this group of protozoan

Pseudopods-are lobes of cytoplasm that extend

in motion - it means false foot
Zooflagellates
-Propelled by flagella.
-Lives in fresh or marine water.
Trypanosome-Cause
of African sleeping
sickness in human, It
produces toxins that
destroy red blood cell
causing the host to
become weak and
anaemic that will lead
to death.
Ciliophorans
-Particularly known as ciliates

Cilia-covered with
short hair like
projections. The largest
and most diverse
protozoan that mostly
live in freshwater
habitats.
Paramecium-most common ciliate, it is
Slipper-shaped has no shell covered with a tough
Flexible pellicle

Trichocysts-tiny toxic darts that are used to

capture prey, anchorage surface
Sporozoans
Spore-forming parasitic protozoan that have no
structure for movement.
Sporozoites (Immature sporozoans)

Plasmodium
-carried by certain
species of
mosquitoes, causing
malaria
 ImportanceofProtozoans
Protozoans are the third most numerous
kind of living organisms in the oceans.

The mainfood of many protozoans is

bacteria that acts as scavengers,feeding on
dead organisms and other organic matter.
4.Phycology
- is the scientific study of algae

Algae-are important as primary producers in

aquatic ecosystems.
 TwogroupsofAlgae:
1. Unicellularalgae
-Single-celled algae
-Different from other in their outer covering which is
their means of movement

.Dinoflagellates- covered with cellulose plates, most

of it grows in saltwater habitats and are free living
Diatoms

Euglenoids
2.Multi-cellular

THALLUS(thalli) - The body of multicellular algae

which have many specialized structures including
stringlike filaments,leaflike and rootlike.
Seaweedsarethosewithleaflifethalli

GreenAlgae(Chlorophyta)-some are
unicellular and some are colonial
Redalgae
(Rhodophyta)
- grow mainly in warm
saltwater habitats

Brown
Algae(Phaeophyta)
-Grow in cool
saltwater habitats,
they absorb sunlight
needed for
photosynthesis.
 ImportanceofAlgae

Algae are important components of plankton.

Phytoplanktonis a photosynthetic plankton

food source of heterotrophic marine organisms.

It is an important source of oxygen in the

atmosphere.
5.Parasitology
-is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the
relationship between them..
6.Immunology
- is a branch of biomedical science that covers the
study of immune systems in all organisms.
7.Virology, or Virulogy,
- is the study of viruses

A virus -is a small infectious agent that replicates

only inside the living cells of other organisms.
 StructureofViruses
A virus particle is so small (0.05-0.2 micrometers in
diameter).

ReproductionofViruses
 ViralInfection
Virusescausediseasesbydestroyingcellsof
theirhostorganisms.
PLANTDISEASES
DISEASESIN CAUSEDBYVIRUSES
HUMANSCAUSED
BYVIRUSES Discolor leaves
Deform growth
Smallpox Kill tissues
Polio
Measles Bacteriophages-A kind
AIDS of virus that attack
Mumps bacteria
Influenza
Yellow fever
Rabies
Common colds
8.Nematology
-is the scientific discipline concerned with
the study of nematodes, or roundworms.

The nematodes
or roundworms constitute
the phylum Nematoda.
Example of nematodes
infections to HUMAN

* Ascariasis
*Trichuriasis
* Hookworm,
and among others.
ASCARIASIS

Ascaris lumbricoides, which causes

ascariasis, is the largest of the round
worms (nematodes), with females
measuring 30 cm x 0.5 cm.
TRICHURIASIS

Globally, Trichuris trichiura, or

whipworm, is a very common
intestinal helminthic infection, and
about one quarter of the world's
population is thought to carry the
parasite.
HOOKWORM

The majority of individuals who

develop hookworm infection are
from known endemic areas. They
frequently have a history of wearing
open footwear or walking barefoot in
such areas.
9.Microbialcytology
- is the study of microscopic and
submicroscopic details of microorganisms.
 -Microbial cytology is analyzed
under a microscope for cells which
were collected from a part of the body.

-The main purpose of microbial

cytology is to see the structure of
the cells, and how they form and
operate.
10.Microbialphysiology
-The study of how the microbial cell functions
biochemically. Includes the study of microbial
growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell
structure.
CELL STRUCTURE
11.Microbialecology (or environmental
microbiology)

-is the ecology of microorganisms:

their relationship with one another and
with their environment. It concerns the
three major domains of life
Eukaryota, Achaea, and Bacteriaas well
as viruses.
Microbes mediate transformation and
recycling of elements in nature.

Carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus

are some examples.
Toxic metals also undergo
biogeochemical cycling (e.g. Hg, As)
12.Microbialgenetics
- is
a subject area
within microbiology and genetic
engineering.
-This involves the study of
the genotype of microbial species
and also the expression system in the
form of phenotypes.
The genotype is that part (DNA sequence) of the
genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an
organism or individual, which determines a
specific characteristic henotype) of that
cell/organism/individual
13.Cellularmicrobiology
- is a discipline that
bridges microbiology and cell biology.
-Cellular microbiology attempts to use
pathogenic microbes as tools for cell-biology
research, and to employ cell-biology methods to
understand the pathogenicity of microbes
14.Evolutionarymicrobiology
-The study of the evolution of microbes. This field
can be subdivided into:
Microbial taxonomy: The naming and classification
of microorganisms.
Microbial systematic: The study of the diversity and
genetic relationship of microorganisms.
14.Generationmicrobiology
-is the study of those microorganisms
that have the same characters as their
parents.
15.Systemsmicrobiology
-A discipline bridging systems
biology and microbiology.
16.Molecularmicrobiology
-is the branch of microbiology devoted to
the study of the molecular basis of the
physiological processes that occur in
microorganisms.
17.Nanobiotechnology,
bionanotechnology,
and nanobiology
-are terms that refer to the intersection
ofnanotechnology and biology. Given that the
subject is one that has only emerged very
recently, bionanotechnology and
nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for
various related technologies.
18.Exomicrobiology
(orAstromicrobiology)
The study of microorganisms in outer space
 19.Biologicalagent
(alsocalledbio-agent,biological
threatagent,biologicalwarfare
agent,biologicalweapon,or
bioweapon)
20.Predictive
microbiology
- The quantification
of relations between
controlling factors in
foods and responses of
pathogenic and spoilage
microorganisms using
mathematical modelling
 APPLIED
MICROBIOLOGY
1.Medicalmicrobiology
-is a branch of medical science
concerned with the prevention,
diagnosis and treatment of infectious
diseases.
2.PharmaceuticalMicrobiology
isanappliedbranchofMicrobiology.It
involvesthestudy
ofmicroorganismsassociatedwiththe
manufactureofpharmaceuticals
Example:
minimizingthenumberof
microorganismsinaprocessenvironment,
excludingmicroorganismsandmicrobialby-
productslikeexotoxinandendotoxinfrom
waterandotherstartingmaterials,and
ensuringthefinishedpharmaceutical
productissterile.
3.Industrialmicrobiology
- is an area of applied microbiology which deals
with screening, improvement ,management,and
exploitation of microorganisms for the production
of various useful end products on a large scale.
4.Microbialbiotechnology
The manipulation of microorganisms at
the genetic and molecular level to generate
useful products.
5.Food
microbiology
- is the study of the
microorganisms that
inhabit, create, or
contaminate food, including
the study of microorganisms
causing food
spoilage. "Good" bacteria,
however, such as probiotics,
are becoming increasingly
important in food science.
Inaddition,microorganisms
areessentialforthe
productionoffoodssuchas
cheese,yogurt,bread,beer,
wineand,other
fermentedfoods.
6.Agriculturalmicrobiology
-is a branch of microbiology dealing with
microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial
degradation of organic matter and soil nutrient
transformations.

Plant microbiology and Plant pathology: The

study of the interactions between microorganisms
and plants and plant pathogens.
Soil microbiology: The study of those
microorganisms that are found in soil.
Plantpathology (also phytopathology) is the
scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens
(infectious organisms) and environmental conditions
(physiological factors).Organisms that cause infectious
disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses,
viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa,
nematodes and parasitic plants.
Soilmicrobiology - is the study of organisms
in soil, their functions, and how they affect soil
properties.
7.Veterinarymicrobiology
- The study of the role of microbes
in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy.
8.Environmentalmicrobiology
-The study of the function and diversity of
microbes in their natural environments.
BRANCHES:
Microbialecology (or environmental
microbiology)
-is the ecology of microorganisms: their
relationship with one another and with their
environment. It concerns the three major domains of
lifeEukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteriaas well as
viruses.
Geomicrobiology
is the result of the combination of geology and
microbiology. The field of geomicrobiology concerns
the role of microbe and microbial processes in
geological and geochemical processes and vice versa.
Bioremediation
is a waste management technique that involves
the use of organisms to remove or neutralize
pollutants from a contaminated site.
9.Watermicrobiology(or
Aquaticmicrobiology)
-The study of those microorganisms that
are found in water.
10.Aero
microbiology
(orAir
microbiology)
- The study of
airborne
microorganisms.
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