Newtons 2nd Law Normal to a

Streamline
Application of Newtons second law in a direction normal to
the streamline.
In many flows the streamlines are relatively straight, the
flow is essentially one-dimensional, and variations in
parameters across streamlines (in the normal direction) can
often be neglected when compared to the variations along
the streamline.
However, in numerous other situations valuable information
can be obtained from considering normal to the
streamlines.

3.3 F m a Normal to a streamline

For example, the devastatin g low - pressure region at the center of a tornado can be
explained by applying Newtons Second Law across the nearly circular streamline s of
the tornado.
Force balance on the fluid particle shown in fig 3.3

in the normal direction, n ,

F m a
n n
2
V
F ( )n
R
F n wn Fpn
Note : wn gravity force
Fpn pressure force
wn w cos g cos
Fpn ( p pn )sy ( p pn )sy
2pnsy
p p n
sny ( where pn )
n n 2
p

n
p
Fn g cos n
(3.9)
 P V2
g cos ( )
n R
P V2 dz
g cos (sin ce cos )
n R dn
dz p V 2
g (3.10)
dn n R

Equation of motion along the normal direction

Equation of motion along the normal direction
dz p V 2
g (3.10)
dn n R
dz
g 0
dn
if (1) gravity is neglected, or (2) The flow is a horizontal
p V 2

n R
p V 2
or
n R
Note : the positive n direction points toward the " inside " of the curved streamline .

If the pressure increase with distance away from the center of curvature.
The pressure outside a tornado (typical atm. pressure ) is larger th an it is near the
center of the tornado (where an often dangerousl y low partial vacuum may occur).
 Example 3.3
Given : V(r) = c 1 r for case (a)
c2
V(r) = for case (b)
r
Where c 1 and c 2 are constants
Determine :
Pressure distributi on p = p(t)
for each case given tha t p = p 0 at r = r0
Solution :
Equation of motion along the normal direction of streamline
dz p V 2
g (3.10)
dn n R
Streamline s in the horizontal plane dz/dn 0
p V 2 sin ce
p p
p V 2

n r
n R r r
case (a) V(r) c 1 r
p c12 r 2

r r
p0 p r0 c1 rr
p r 2

1 2
p p 0 c12 (r r02 )
2
1 2 2
p c1 (r r02 ) p 0
2
c2
case (b) V(r) =
r
p c 22

r r r 2
p 1
or c 22 3
r r
p c 22 r 3 r
P0 p c 2 r0 r r
P 2 r 3

1 2 1 1
p c 2 2 2 p 0
2 r0 r
Equation of motion along the normal direction
dz P V 2
g (3.10)
dn n R
V 2 p dp
gdz dp dn ( if S cons tan t )
R n dn
dp V 2
dn gz 0
R
dp V2
R dn gz Cons tan t across the streamline (3.11)
If const.
p V2
dn gz constant across the streamline (3.12)
R