INVERTER DAN

VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE

(VSD)

KULIAH MOTOR DAN PERALATAN LISTRIK

Ari Kurniawan Saputra
Pre test
1. Apakah Fungsi Inverter?
2. Apakah Fungsi VSD?
3. Sebutkan 2 metode inversi pada Inveter?
4. Apakah nama lain dari VSD?
A. ASD B. VFD C. AFD D. INVERTER E. Benar semua.
Jawab
1. Sebuah rangkaian elektronik yang
berfungsi untuk mengubah arus listrik DC
menjadi AC atau seperti VSD
2. VSD merupakan sebuah alat untuk
mengatu kecepatan putar dan torsi dari
motor AC
3. Rotary inverter dan Electric Inverter
4. E. Benar Semua
 DC TO AC INVERTER

Fitzgerald, A. E., Electric Machinery, McGraw Hill, 2003.

What is an Inverter?
An inverter is an
electrical circuit
capable of turning
DC power into AC
power, while at the
same time
regulating the
voltage, current,
and frequency of
the signal
Why do I need an inverter?
Most solar panels provide 12V DC power
Household devices use 120V AC power
Necessary for a grid tie in system
What kind of inverter do I
want?
Inverters come in all different shapes and
sizes, for all different purposes
Inverters vary in output from 50 5,000 W
Several different methods of changing DC

power to AC power
Some inverters put out electricity of higher

quality than others. What does that mean?

 Electrical wave forms
Power that comes Different types of
from a PV panel inverters give
or battery is outputs with
generally 12V DC different wave
Power forms

12V DC Power

Graphs of voltage as a function of time

Different types of inverter
output
Square wave inverters are basically
obsolete
Modified sine wave output will power almost
everything in your house. However, things
like power drills, or battery chargers may
not work
True sine wave output is exactly the same
as the power provided by a utility company,
and is necessary for a grid inter-tie system

Square Wave Modified Sine Wave True Sine Wave

Methods of inversion
Rotary inverters Electrical inverters
use a DC motor to turn
an AC Power generator,
the provide a true sine
wave output, but are
inefficient, and have a
low surge capacity
rating
use a combination of
chopping circuits and
transformers to change
DC power into AC. They
are much more widely
used and are far more
efficient and practical.
Less expensive electrical
inverters produce a
modified sine wave, while
more expensive models
give a true sine wave.

VIDEO
DC TO AC CIRCUIT
How do they work?
There are 2 types of electrical inverters, the first takes
low voltage high current power from a PV panel or
battery and sends it through a chopping circuit
which changes it to low voltage high current AC power
at 60Hz. The power then goes through a series of
large transformers which output 120V AC power at
60Hz
How do they work?
The second type of electrical inverter is more complex. Two
chopping circuits are employed to make it possible for a much
smaller and lighter transformer to be used. The DC power is
converted to very high frequency AC power which is easier to
transform into high voltage low current power. The power is
then rectified back into DC power and sent through a second
chopping circuit to turn it into 60Hz 120V AC.
How are Inverters rated?
Continuous output rating: The
maximum wattage that the inverter can
support long term, includes all everyday
appliances, lights and anything else that
consumes power.
Surge capacity rating: The maximum

wattage that can be supported at any

given time. Important when starting
devices like refrigerators or water pumps
which require more wattage to start then
to run.
Applications of Inverters
Inverters are used for many practical
purposes
Small inverters can plug into your car

cigarette lighter
Large inverters can be used in a solar or

wind powered home

VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE
(VSD)

https://www.bcgwa.org/ppt
/2007conventionppt/Dave%20Mellis.
ppt

Rockwell Automation Drives Business

Reliance Electric
AC Induction Motor Review

How a motor shaft rotates

Torque is produced as the induction
motor generates flux in its rotating field.
This flux must remain constant to
produce full-load torque.
As shaft torque load increases, the slip
increases and more flux lines cut the
rotor windings, which in turn increases
rotor current, which increases the rotor
magnetic field and consequently the
rotor torque.
AC Induction Motor Review

Typical speed
versus torque
curve for a
NEMA design B
motor.

% Synchronous Speed
AC Induction Motor Issues
Starting Induction Motors
The starting current is very high, between 3 to 8
times the full load current. Depending on the size
of the motor, this can result in voltage sags in
the power system.
The full torque is applied instantly at starting
and the mechanical shock can eventually
damage the drive system, particularly with
materials handling equipment, such as
conveyors.
In spite of the high starting current, for some
applications the starting torque may be
relatively low, only 1.0 to 2.5 times full load
torque.
AC Induction Motor Theory
The speed of the rotating electric
field within the induction motor.

Synchronous Speed = 120 x frequency

# of motor poles
AC Induction Motor Theory

AC motor speed change can be

accomplished in three ways:
Change the number of poles in the motor; this
means separate windings;
Change the slip characteristics of the motor; this
is done with varying resistors, such as is done
with a wound-rotor motor or by varying the stator
voltage; or
Change the frequency of the power supplied to
the motor. This is the method of choice . VSD
( Variable speed drive)
VSD ( Variable speed
drive)
Also called
VFD ( Variable Frequency Drive)
ASD ( Adjustable Speed Drive)
AFD ( Adjustable frequency drive)
Inverter
What is a VFD?
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
A VFD can be used to control both the speed
and torque of a standard induction AC electric
motor.
It varies both the frequency and amps of the
AC waveform being delivered to the motor
saving money in electricity.
Basic components of a VFD:
Input section, draws AC electric power from the
utility, Rectifier section, converts the AC into DC
power.
Inverter section, converts DC back into a
controllable AC waveform.
Purpose of the VFD
VFDs help to limit demand and electrical
consumption of motors by reducing the
amount of energy they consume.
Standard motors are constant speed and when
they are energized they run at a 100% no matter
the load.
Soft Start
Only use energy you need
VSD Basics
What does an VSD/ASD do?
VSD Components
Regulator
Process Control
Converter/Rectifier
AC DC
Inverter
DC AC
 Proportional Control

VSD Regulator

PID Control

Proportional + Integral Proportional + Integral +

Control Derivative Control
Benefits of VSDs
Energy Savings
Tighter Process Control
Extend Equipment Life
Reduced Maintenance
 Example on VSD application
Constant speed Variable Speed Drives

valve

Supply
motor pump

Power Power out

In

Power loss
Mainly in valve
 Example on VSD application
Constant speed Variable Speed Drives

valve

Supply Supply
motor pump motor
PEC pump

Power Power out

Power Power out
In
In

Power loss Power loss

Mainly in valve
 Example on VSD application
Constant speed Variable Speed Drives

valve

Supply Supply
motor pump motor
PEC pump

Power Power out

Power Power out
In
In

Power loss
Power loss
Mainly in valve
Conventional electric drives (variable speed)

Bulky
Inefficient
inflexible
Modern electric drives
(With power electronic converters)

Small
Efficient
Flexible
Modern electric drives

Utility interface Machine design

Renewable energy Speed sensorless
Machine Theory

Non-linear control
Real-time control
DSP application
PFC
Speed sensorless
Power electronic converters

Inter-disciplinary
Several research area
Expanding
Components in electric
drives
Motors
DC motors - permanent magnet wound field
AC motors induction, synchronous (IPMSM, SMPSM),
brushless DC
Applications, cost, environment
Natural speed-torque characteristic is not compatible with
load requirements
Power sources
DC batteries, fuel cell, photovoltaic - unregulated
AC Single- three- phase utility, wind generator -
unregulated
Power processor
To provide a regulated power supply
Combination of power electronic converters
More efficient
Flexible
Compact
AC-DC DC-DC DC-AC AC-AC
Components in electric
drives
Control unit
Complexity depends on performance requirement
analog- noisy, inflexible, ideally has infinite bandwidth.
digital immune to noise, configurable, bandwidth is
smaller than the analog controllers
DSP/microprocessor flexible, lower bandwidth - DSPs
perform faster operation than microprocessors
(multiplication in single cycle), can perform complex
estimations
Electrical isolation between control circuit and power
circuit is needed:
Malfuction in power circuit may damage control circuit
Safety for the operator
Avoid conduction of harmonic to control circuit
Components in electric
drives
Sensors
Sensors (voltage, current, speed or torque) is normally
required for closed-loop operation or protection
Electrical isolation between sensors and control circuit
is needed for the reasons previously explained
The term sensorless drives is normally referred to the
drive system where the speed is estimated rather than
measured.
Overview of AC and DC drives

Extracted from Boldea & Nasar

DC motors: Regular maintenance, heavy, expensive, speed limit
Easy control, decouple control of torque
and flux

AC motors: Less maintenance, light, less expensive, high speed

Coupling between torque and flux
variable spatial angle between rotor and
stator flux
Overview of AC and DC drives
Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950)
AC motors for fixed speed applications
DC motors for variable speed applications

After semiconductor devices were introduced (1950s)

Variable frequency sources available AC motors in
variable speed applications
Coupling between flux and torque control
Application limited to medium performance
applications fans, blowers, compressors scalar
control
High performance applications dominated by DC motors
tractions, elevators, servos, etc
Overview of AC and DC drives
After vector control drives were introduced (1980s)
AC motors used in high performance applications
elevators, tractions, servos
AC motors favorable than DC motors however control is
complex hence expensive
Cost of microprocessor/semiconductors decreasing
predicted 30 years ago AC motors would take over DC
motors
 ASD Applications

Fans Processing Lines

Pumps Blowers
Compressors Extruders
Conveyors Winders
Mixers Cranes
POST TEST
1. Sebutkan 2 type inverter electric!
2. Sebutkan 3 aplikasi Inverter!
3. Sebutkan 3 bagian utama VSD!
4. Sebutkan 4 manfaat menggunakan VSD!
5. Berapa putaran sinkron motor induksi 3
pole dengan input power AC 60Hz?
Jawab
1. Type dengan 1 chopping circuit dan menggunakan
2 chopping circuit
2. Pada adapter pemantik api mobil, pengubah
sumber listrik DC to AC pada mobil/bus, pengubah
arus listrik pada PLTS dan turbin angin generator
DC.
3. Rectifier-Filter-Inverter
4. Lebih hemat energy, mengurangi frekuensi down
time, mengurangi biaya perawatan, memperlama
life time equipment. Tidak merusak elemen
gearbox dll.
5. =120*60/3= 2400rpm
Tugas
Sebutkan peralatan listrik di sekitar anda (di
rumah atau di lab-lab jurusan mesin) yang
mengaplikasikan inverter dan VSD! Serta
jelaskan cara kerjanya. (Min 5 peralatan)
Pelajari materi tentang motor 3 phase dan

rangkaian star delta motor!

Terima Kasih