Instrument

Transformers

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 Group
Good For Everything

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 Group Members
Sl NAME ID TOPIC
No.
Introduction
01 Mehedi Hasan of Instrument
11105140 X former
02 Abu Jauad Khan Design &
Aliv 11105137 Function of
(Leader) CT
03 Farzana Farzin Types &
Rimi 11105192 Accuracy
Limit of CT
Equivalent
04 Ab-E-Zamzam Circuit,
11105199 Safety &
Usage of CT
05 Prodip Kumar Das PT Design &
11105136 Function
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3
 Overvi
1.
ew
Introduction to Instrument Transformer
2. Its Classification
3. Design & Function of CT
4. Construction, Accuracy Limit & Equivalent CKT
5. Safety Precaution & Usage of CT
6. Design & Function of PT
7. Construction & Error of PT
8. Cause of Error in PT
9. Conclusion

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 Introducti
on
Instrument transformers are necessary for

Isolating the
protection, control &
measurement
equipment from the
high voltages of a
power system
Supplying the
equipment with the
appropriate values of
current and voltage
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 Types of Instrument
Transformers
Two Types of Instrument X-formers

Current Transformer (CT)

Potential Transformer (PT)

Current transformer & Potential

transformer
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 Current Transformer
(CT)

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Design
Like any other transformer, a
current transformer has a
primary winding, a magnetic
core and a secondary winding
The primary winding of a
current transformer is
connected in series with the
power circuit

The impedance is negligible

compared with that of the 8
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power circuit
 Design
The alternating current flowing
in the primary produces a
magnetic field in the core &
induces a current in the
secondary winding
The CT's primary circuit
consists of a single 'turn' of
conductor, with a secondary of
many tens or hundreds of turns
The primary winding may be a
permanent part of the current
transformer, with a heavy
copper bar to carry current
through the magnetic core
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 Function
Reduce power system current
to lower value for
measurement
Insulate secondary circuits
from the primary
Permit the use of standard
current ratings for secondary
equipment

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 Current Transformer
Construction
BAR PRIMARY
WOUND PRIMARY

Primary

Secondary

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 Bar-Primary
Type CT Laminated strip wound
steel toroidal core

Insulation to stop flash-

over from HV primary to
core & secondary circuit

1000 turns sec

Feeder or Bus-bar
forming 1 turn of
primary circuit

RELAY

1000A 1A

Generator, or
system voltage Insulation covered
source wire, giving inter-
turn insulation &
secondary to core
insulation
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 Accuracy

The accuracy of a CT is directly

related to a number of factors

Burden
Rating factor
Load
External electromagnetic
fields
Temperature
Physical configuration.
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 Accuracy

Burden
The secondary load of a current
transformer is usually called the "burden"
to distinguish it from the load of the
circuit whose current is being measured
Rating factor
Rating factor is a factor by which the
nominal full load current of a CT can be
multiplied to determine its absolute
maximum measurable primary current
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 C.T. Equivalent Circuit
ZCT
Ip
P1 Is

Ie
Ip/N
S1
N Ze Es Vt Zb

Ip = Primary rating of C.T. Ie = Secondary excitation

current
N = C.T. ratio Is = Secondary current
Zb = Burden of relays in ohms Es = Secondary excitation
voltage
(r+jx) Vt = Secondary terminal voltage
ZCT = C.T. secondary winding across the C.T. terminals
impedance in ohms (r+jx)
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Ze = Secondary excitation 15
 Safety Precaution
The secondary of a current transformer is not
disconnected from its load while current is flowing in
the primary

The transformer secondary will attempt to continue

driving current across the effectively infinite impedance.
This will produce a high voltage across the open
secondary
This high peaks of voltage may not be measured by
conventional voltmeter. But these high peaks of
induced voltage may breakdown the CT insulation, and
may case accident to personnel
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 Monitoring the operation

Usage of the power grid

Current transformers
are used:
Measuring current

3/24/17 A CT for operation on a 110 kV grid 17

 Potential
Transformer (PT)

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 Design
A Potential Transformer theory is just
like theory of general purpose step down
transformer
Primary of this transformer is connected
across the phases or and ground
depending upon the requirement
PT has lowers turns winding at its
secondary

In an ideal Potential Transformer when

rated burden connected across the
secondary the ratio of primary and
secondary voltages of transformer is equal
to the turns ratio
But in actual transformer there must be an
error in the voltage ratio as well as in the
phase angle between primary and
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secondary voltages
Types of Potential
Transformer
Two main basic types are available:

Electromechanical VT`s
Similar to a power transformer
May not be economical above 132kV

Capacitor VT`s (CVT)

Used at high voltages
Main difference is that CVT has a
capacitor divider on the front end
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 Construction of PT

The construction of a voltage

transformer takes into account the
following factors

a. Output Seldom more than 200-300VA.

Cooling is rarely a problem
b. Insulation Designed for the system impulse
voltage level. Insulation volume is often
larger than the winding volume
c. Mechanical Design Not usually necessary
to withstand short-circuit currents. Must be
small to fit the space available within
switchgear
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Function
Provides isolation from high
voltages

Must operate in the linear

region to prevent accuracy
problems - Do not over
specify VT

Must be capable of driving

the burden, specified by
relay manufacturer

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Protection class VT will 22
suffice
Errors in
PT
The difference between
the ideal value Vp/KT
and actual value Vs is
the voltage error or
ratio error in a
potential transformer
% voltage error =
Vp KT.Vs /Vp X 100 % Is - Secondary Current
Es - Secondary induced emf
The angle between Vs - Secondary terminal voltage
the primary system Ip - Primary current
voltage Vp and the Ep - Primary induced emf
Vp - Primary terminal voltage
reversed secondary
voltage vectors KT.Vs is KT - numbers of primary
turns/number of secondary turns
the phase error
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 Cause of Error
in PT
The voltage applied to the
primary of the potential
transformer first drops due
to internal impedance of
primary

Transformed voltage across

secondary winding will
again drops due to internal
impedance of secondary
before appearing across
burden terminals
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 Conclusi
Current
on
Transformer
Measuring current
Monitoring the operation of
the power grid

CT secondary should not be kept open

Potential
Transformer
Measuring Voltage
Provides isolation from high voltages

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 THANK YOU

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