Dragonair Aviation

Certificate Programme

Technical Induction
Principles of Flight

Introduction
 Forces acting on an
aircraft

Lift (L)

Thrust (T)

Drag (D)

Weight (W)
 Movements In 3
Dimensional Airspace

s
xi
Normal Axis

lA
na
di
itu
ng
Late
ra l Ax Lo
is

Pitch

Roll

Yaw
 Aerofoil

Leading
Edge (L.E.)
Camber Line

Thickness
Chord Line
Trailing
Edge
 Aerofoil

Chord line
Straight line from leading edge to
trailing edge
Camber line
A line / curve halfway between
the upper and lower surfaces of
an aerofoil
 Aerofoil

Relative Air Flow

Direction of airflow with respect
to the wing
Exactly opposite to flight path
Angle of Attack
The angle between relative air
flow and the chord line
 Aerofoil

?
?

? ?

?
 Wings planform

Wing Span, S

Aspect Ratio = S/C or S2/A,

where A=surface area of the wing planform

Swept Back Angle

 Wings planform

Swept Back Angle

? Wing Span, S

Aspect Ratio = ? S/C or S2/A

A=surface area of the
wing planform
 Movements In 3
Dimensional Airspace

s
xi
Normal Axis

lA
na
di
itu
ng
Late
ra l Ax Lo
is

Pitch

Roll

Yaw
 Break

and

Questions
Aerofoil lift
Lift (L)
 Aerofoil Section

400mb
800mb
600mb
800mb

600mb 700mb
Pressure Distribution
With Air Flow Direction
 Lift And Dynamic
Pressure Of Air

L = 12 V 2 S CL

Density of air
Velocity of Relative Air Flow
 Coefficient Of Lift

CL
CLmax

Angle of Attack, AOA

Critical
AOA
 BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Airflow characteristics at stall
CL

Streamline flow
AOA
CL

Transition
AOA
CL

Maximum Lift AOA

Aerofoil shape Variation

CL

Angle of Attack, AOA

 Break

and

Questions
Aerodynamic Drag

Drag (D)
 Induced Drag

Lift Total Reaction

Induced Drag
A vector component of T.R.
Wingtip Vortices

--------- ---------
++++++ +
+++++
 Parasite Drag

Form Drag
- resistance to flow
- frontal surface area

Skin friction
- retardation of air
molecule

Interference drag
- joining fuselage
 Total Drag

Drag

Total

Parasite
Induced

Air speed
Min. Drag Speed
 Summary
Total Drag
Induced drag
Drag induced by lift generation
Wingtip vortices
Parasite drag
Form drag
Interference drag
Skin friction
Total = Induced + Parasite
 Break

and

Questions
Aircraft Flight
Control

Trim Tab

Elevator

Rudder

flap

Aileron
 Elevator / Stabilator
Pitch- Lateral Axis
Control Column
Centre of gravity position
 Ailerons

Aileron Down
Aileron Up
AOA Increase
AOA Decrease
Rudders
 Break

and

Questions
Balance Tab &
Trim Tab
 Flaps
CL

1 V2 S C
2 L

Angle of Attack, AOA

Simple Flaps

Split Flaps

Slotted Flaps

Fowler Flaps
STALL & SPIN
BASIC STALLING SPEED
VS1
It is the Indicated Airspeed that an
aircraft will stall at
a) straight and level KNOTS
40
180

b) stated weight
60
160

80

c) clean configuration
140
AIRSPEED 100
120

d) power idle

CL

S & L, L = W L= 1
/2 V 2 S CL

AOA
 Break

and

Questions
 Engines

Introduction
Propellers
 Propellers Washout to
Improve Efficiency

Blade velocity
increase toward
blade tip

AOA reduce
toward
blade tip

root
To maintain best
mid efficiency (best L/D)
Blades are twisted
toward tip = washout
tip
 crankshaft

Piston
 Intake valve Exhaust valve

Fuel/Air Exhaust
Mixture gas

Fuel/Air
Mixture

Compress,
Ignite
 Jet Engine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1TqwAKwMuM
 Bypass Ratio

The ratio of air volume

bypassing the engine core to
that passing through the
engine core
 Bypass Ratio

High bypass ratio engines

Airliner aircraft
Mostly in cruise condition
High engine efficiency
outweighs excess thrust
More efficient to accelerate
large mass of air by a small
amount
Less noise generated
 Bypass Ratio

Low bypass ratio engines

Fighter jets or experimental high
speed aircraft
Requires high excess thrust for
acceleration / overcoming high
drag associated with high
speeds
Excess thrust outweighs engine
efficiency
Fan Engine
Fan Engine