HEAT GAIN MODELING ANALYSIS

FOR KKMC (KING KHALID MEDICAL

CITY)
DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA

BY
AECOM INDIA SUSTAINABILITY
GROUP
November 06, 2012
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. WEATHER STUDY ANALYSIS 4

3. TERMINOLOGY USED RELATED TO DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5

4. KEY PLAN 6

5. DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS 8

6. SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS 10

6.1. 2D Solar Shading Analysis for Equinox 21st March/September 11
6.1.1. 3D Solar Shading Analysis for NE & SE Facades 12
6.1.2. 3D Solar Shading Analysis for NW & SW Facades 13
6.2. 2D Solar Shading Analysis for Summer Solstice 21st June 14
6.2.1. 3D Solar Shading Analysis for NE & SE Facades 15
6.2.2. 3D Solar Shading Analysis for NW & SW Facades 16
6.3. 2D Solar Shading Analysis for Winter Solstice 21st December 17
6.3.1. 3D Solar Shading Analysis for NE & SE Facades 18
6.3.2. 3D Solar Shading Analysis for NW & SW Facades 19

7. DIRECT SOLAR PENETRATION ANALYSIS 21

7.1. Penetration for Summer Month 21st June 22
7.2. Penetration for Winter Month 21st December 23

8. GLARE ANALYSIS 25
8.1. Glare Potential in Perimeter Spaces 26

9. ILLUMINANCE LEVELS ANALYSIS 28

9.1. Illuminance Levels Analysis September 21st @ 09:00AM 29
9.2. Illuminance Levels Analysis September 21st @ 03:00PM 30
3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 2 of 30
1. INTRODUCTION
King Khalid Medical City (KKMC) is a hospital building located in Dhahran, UAE. KKMC is to build a cost
effective, SMART academic medical centre that incorporates evidence based design and provides a healing
environments for patients, families and staff. The building has been designed by the Architect AECOM. The
project is applying for LEED for Healthcare Certification under USGBC.

LEED Healthcare Rating System is a voluntary, consensus-based standard for developing high- performance,
sustainable Buildings. It evaluates buildings on various parameters relating to Site Selection, Water Efficiency,
Energy & Atmosphere, Material and Indoor Environmental Quality to achieve one of four levels of certification
(LEED Certified, Silver, Gold & Platinum, the latter being the highest rating).

Demonstrate through computer simulations that 75% or more of perimeter area under IEQ Credit 8.1 Daylight and
Views achieve daylight illuminance levels of minimum of 25 foot-candles(fc) and a maximum of 500 fc in a clear
sky condition on September 21 at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.

The study has been carried out in ECOTECT ANALYSIS 2011 and RADIANCE software. Ecotect acts as a modelling
interface, while Radiance uses a two-pass, hybrid, backwards-raytracing algorithm that can handle complex
geometry and sophisticated material definitions. To ensure accuracy of results, the building is modelled in detail to
reflect the actual geometry of the proposed building. Zones are assigned to volumes and spaces. Material
properties are assigned to ceiling, wall, roof, glass etc. The Ecotect model is then exported to Radiance to perform
Illuminance level simulations. The Radiance results are obtained on the allocated analysis grid for further analysis

and presentation.

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 3 of 30

0.20k 0.20k

2. WEATHER DATA ANALYSIS

0.00kC
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - ABU DHABI, ARE 1st J anuary to 31st December
C C
WET BULB TEMPERATURE - ABU DHABI, ARE 1st J anuary to 31st December
C 100%
RELATIVE HUMIDITY - ABU DHABI, ARE 0.00k
1st J anuary to 31st December
100%

14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th
J an
40
Feb Mar Apr May 40 40
J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov 40
Dec
80% 80%

30 30 30 30

60% 60%

20 20 20 20

DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1) 40% 40%

10 10 10 C 10 W/ m
20% 20%
0 0 0 0

-10 -10 -10 -10 0% 0%

14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th 14th 28th
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J an
40 Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1.0k
Dry-Bulb Temp. Wet-Bulb Temp.
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Relative Humidity
DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1) DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1) DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1)
DIFFUSE SOLAR - ABU DHABI, ARE C 1st J anuary to 31st December W/ m DIRECT SOLAR - ABU DHABI, ARE C 1st J anuary to 31st December W/ m CLOUD COVER - ABU DHABI, ARE C 1st J anuary to 31st December W/ m
W/m W/ m W/ m W/ m 100% 100%

40 1.0k 40 1.0k 40 1.0k

1.00k 1.00k 1.00k 1.00k

30 0.8k
80% 80%
30 0.8k 30 0.8k 30 0.8k

0.80k 0.80k 0.80k 0.80k

20 0.6k 20 0.6k 20 0.6k
60% 60%

0.60k 10 0.4k
0.60k 0.60k 10 0.60k
0.4k 10 0.4k

LEGEND
Comfort: Thermal Neutrality 40% LEGEND 40%

20 0.6k
LEGEND
0 0.2k 0 0.2k 0 0.2k
Temperature Direct Solar Temperature Direct Solar Temperature Direct Solar
0.40k 0.40k 0.40k 0.40k
Rel.Humidity Diffuse Solar Rel.Humidity Diffuse Solar Rel.Humidity Diffuse Solar
Wind Speed Cloud Cover Wind Speed Cloud Cover Wind Speed Cloud Cover
-10 0.0k -10 0.0k -10 0.0k
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
20% 20%
0.20k 0.20k 0.20k Stereographic
0.20k Diagram
Location: ABU DHABI, ARE
Sun Position: 99.6, 32.1
HSA: 99.6, VSA: 104.9
0.00k W0.00k
eather T ool
0.00k 0.00k 0% 0%

J an
14th 28th
Feb
14th 28th 14th 28th
Mar Apr
14th 28th 14th 28th
May J un
14th 28th
J ul
14th 28th
Aug
14th 28th
Sep
14th 28th 14th 28th
Oct Nov
14th 28th 14th 28th
Dec J an 10
14th 28th
Feb
14th 28th 14th 28th
Mar Apr
14th 28th 14th 28th
May J un
14th 28th
J ul
14th 28th
Aug
14th 28th
Sep
14th 28th 14th 28th
Oct Nov
14th 28th 14th 28th
Dec J an
14th 28th
Feb
14th 28th 14th 28th
Mar Apr
14th 28th 14th 28th
May J un
14th 28th
J ul
14th 28th
Aug
14th 28th
Sep
14th 28th 14th 28th
Oct Nov Dec0.4k
14th 28th 14th 28th

Diffuse Solar Radiation DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1)

Direct Solar Radiation
DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1) DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1)
Cloud
Cover
C W/ m C W/ m C W/ m

N
345 15
LEGEND
40 1.0k 40 1.0k 40 1.0k

0 30 0.8k
330 30
0.2k
Temperature Direct Solar
30 0.8k 30 0.8k
10

315 45
Rel.Humidity 20
Diffuse Solar 0.6k 20 0.6k 20 20 0.6k

Wind Speed Cloud Cover

30
10 0.4k 10 0.4k 10 0.4k
300 60
40
LEGEND
0 0.2k -10
LEGEND
0 0.2k
LEGEND
1st J un 0 0.0k1st J ul 0.2k

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Temperature Direct Solar Temperature Direct Solar Temperature Direct Solar 50
Rel.Humidity Diffuse Solar Rel.Humidity Diffuse Solar Rel.Humidity Diffuse Solar 1st Aug
Wind Speed Cloud Cover Wind Speed Cloud Cover Wind Speed Cloud Cover 60
-10 0.0k -10 0.0k
1st
285
May -10
75 0.0k
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
70
1st Sep
80
1st Apr
270 90
1st Oct

1st Mar

255 1st105
Nov
1st Feb
1st Dec
1st J an
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
240 120

225 135

210 150

195 165
180

Wind Analysis Solar Geometry

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Time: 08:30

Date: 10th September
Page 4 of 30
Dotted lines: J uly-December.
3. TERMINOLOGY USED FOR DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space, used to eliminate electric lighting.

Daylighting Zone is the total floor area that meets the performance requirements for daylighting.

Visible Light Transmittance is the ratio of total transmitted light to total incident light i.e. the amount of
visible spectrum light passing through a glazing surface divided by the amount of light striking the glazing surface
. The higher visible light transmittance of the glass, the more incident light passes through glazing.

Vision Glazing is that portion of exterior window between 30 and 90 inches above the floor that permits a view
to the exterior of the project space.

Window-to-Floor Ratio (WFR) is the total area of the window measured vertically from 30 inches above the
finished floor to the top of the glass, multiplied by the width of the glass) divided by the floor area.

Glare is the discomfort in the eye and depression of central vision produced when a bright light enters the field of
vision, particularly when the eye is adapted to dark. It is represented by the Luminance Levels that are measured
in Cd/m2.

Illuminance is a measure of how much luminous flux is spread over a given area. One can think of luminous flux
as a measure of the total "amount" of visible light present, and the illuminance as a measure of the intensity of
illumination on a surface. It is measured in FC (foot candle) or LUX.

The total cumulative solar radiation incident on any surface is simply a matter of adding up the direct and
diffuse availability at each segment and then multiplying by both the surface incidence layer and the
overshadowing and reflections layer. The total solar exposure is then calculated by summing up the results for
each segment over the entire sky dome.

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4. KEY PLAN
The key plan shown below illustrates the facades that have been evaluated for the analysis. From the key plan, it
is clearly visible that the building comprises of interconnected medical and office blocks. Due to building
orientation, mass, shape and geometry, solar exposure would vary in each month at different timings throughout
the year . Heat gain modeling analysis has been conducted for each faade as per the current design
configuration.
NORTH-WEST NORTH

NORTH-EAST

WEST

EAST
SOUTH-WEST

SOUTH SOUTH-EAST

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 DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION
ANALYSIS

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 8 8 8

4 4 4

5. DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS

4 4 4

W k W k

0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0

W k W k

H0 r 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 H0 r 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 H0

H r H r H

2 4 Relative Humidity (%) 2 4 Direct Solar Radiation (W/ m) 2 4

2 4 Relative Humidity (%) 2 4 Direct Solar Radiation (W/ m) 2 4

2 0 2 0 2 0

2 0 2 0 2 0

1 6 1 6 1 6

1 6 1 6 1 6

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

8 8 8

8 8 8

4 4 4

4 4 4

W k W k

0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0

W k W k

H0 r 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 H0 r 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 H0

H r H r H

2 4 Average Wind Speed (km/ h) 2 4 Average Cloud Cover (%) 2 4

2 4 Average Wind Speed (km/ h) 2 4 Average Cloud Cover (%) 2 4

2 0 2 0 2 0

2D Annual Sun Path Diagram 2D Annual Sun Path Diagram

2 0 2 0 2 0

1 6 1 6 1 6

1 6 1 6 1 6

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

8 8 8

8 8 8

4 4 4

4 4 4

W k W k

0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0

W k W k

0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0 4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 0

Average daily incident solar
radiation by orientation
(Wh/m2)
3/24/17
1. Horizontal Roof
2. North-East Faade
3. South-East Facade
4. South-West Faade
5. North-West Facade
Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 8 of 30
 SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS

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6. SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS
Shading analysis is one of the most
essential steps in phase of architectural
design in order to balance day lighting
requirements versus the need to
reduce solar gains. Utilization of day-
light in buildings may result in
reduction of electricity consumption for
lighting but also in high cooling demand
if excessive solar gains are admitted in the
working space. Moreover, visual comfort
should be ensured especially for
perimeter spaces.

Building Shadow
Range

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 10 of 30

6.1. 2D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR EQUINOX 21 st
MARCH/SEPTEMBER

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 PM 05:00 PM

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6.1.1. 3D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR NE & SE FACADES

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 AM 05:00 PM

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6.1.2. 3D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR NW & SW FACADES

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 AM 05:00 PM

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6.2. 2D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR SUMMER SOLSTICE 21st JUNE

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 PM 05:00 PM

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6.2.1. 3D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR NE & SE FACADES

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 AM 05:00 PM

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6.2.2. 3D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR NW & SW FACADES

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 AM 05:00 PM

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6.3. 2D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR WINTER SOLSTICE 21 st
DECEMBER

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 PM 05:00 PM

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 17 of 30

6.3.1. 3D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR NE & SE FACADES

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 AM 05:00 PM

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 18 of 30

6.3.2. 3D SOLAR SHADING ANALYSIS FOR NW & SW FACADES

07:00 AM 09:00 AM

11:00 AM 01:00 PM

03:00 AM 05:00 PM

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 19 of 30

DIRECT SOLAR PENETRATION
ANALYSIS

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 20 of 30

7. DIRECT SOLAR PENETRATION ANALYSIS
Based on the solar geometry, the building blocks have been selected (highlighted by the dotted lines )
considering the worst case scenario pertaining to the summer and winter months for the analysis.

Worst case scenario for summer Worst case scenario for winter
months as highlighted in dotted months as highlighted in dotted
lines lines

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7.1. PENETRATION FOR SUMMER MONTH- 21st JUNE

09:00 AM direct solar penetration expected up to 11:00 AM direct solar penetration expected up to
3000mm 1100mm

03:00 PM direct solar penetration expected up to 05:00 PM direct solar penetration expected up to
1900mm 4300mm

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7.2. PENETRATION FOR WINTER MONTH- 21st DECEMBER

09:00 AM direct solar 11:00 AM direct solar 01:00 PM direct solar

penetration expected up to penetration expected up to penetration expected up to
6500mm 3500mm 2100mm

03:00 PM direct solar 05:00 PM direct solar

penetration expected up to penetration expected up to
5150mm 22300mm
3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 23 of 30
 GLARE ANALYSIS

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8. GLARE ANALYSIS
Based on the solar geometry, as
represented in the Annual Sun Path
diagram on the right, building blocks
highlighted by the dotted line are
considered as the worst case scenario for
the analysis.

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 25 of 30

8.1. GLARE POTENTIAL IN PERIMETER SPACES

Contour Line Rendering with 62% VLT Contour Line Rendering with 50% VLT

Higher Luminance Levels causes Luminance Levels minimized

Glare

Human Sensitivity Rendering with 62% VLT Human Sensitivity Rendering with 50% VLT

WITH 50%vlt

Bright Color depicts Glare Bright Color is minimized

The study illustrates that the patient shall have potential visual discomfort in the spaces as depicted
above in the rendering. Hence it is recommended not to use higher VLT directly on the vision pane.
Glass of around 50% VLT shall be sufficient to to daylit the spaces with minimized glare potential.

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 26 of 30

ILLUMINANCE LEVELS ANALYSIS

3/24/17 Heat Gain Modeling Analysis Page 27 of 30

 Analysis Grid
9. ILLUMINANCE LEVELS ANALYSIS
RAD Illuminance
Contour Range: 100 - 1500 Lux
In Steps of: 170 Lux
E CO T E CT v5

The fifth floor is analyzed to ascertain the

percentage of the floor spaces that is
naturally daylit with a minimum of 250 Lux
as per the criteria IEQ 8.1. The analysis
study is carried out at 09.00am and
03:00pm on 21st September under clear
sky conditions.

The following material specifications are

considered to conduct the analysis:

Walls: surface reflectance of 65%

Floors: surface reflectance of 30%
Ceiling: surface reflectance of 75
Glazing VLT-
Case I 62%
Case II 50%
WITH 50%vlt

3D Ecotect Model while simulation

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 9.1. ILLUMINANCE LEVELS ANALYSIS SEPTEMBER 21st @ 09:00AM

Analysis Grid
Lux

5000+
RAD Illuminance
4525
Contour Range: 250 - 5000 Lux
In Steps of: 170 Lux
4050
E CO T E CT v5
3575

3100

2625

2150

1675

1200

725

250

Case I Illuminance Levels with 62% VLT 92.6% area

daylit with 250 Lux
Lux

5000+
WITH 50%vlt
4525

4050

3575

3100

2625

2150

1675

1200

725

250

Case II Illuminance Levels with 50% VLT 78.7% area daylit

with 250 Lux
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 9.2. ILLUMINANCE LEVELS ANALYSIS SEPTEMBER 21st @ 03:00PM
Analysis Grid
Lux
RAD5000+
Illuminance
Contour Range: 250 - 5000 Lux
4525
In Steps of: 170 Lux
E CO T E CT v5
4050

3575

3100

2625

2150

1675

1200

725

250

Case I lluminance Levels with 62% VLT 94.2% area

daylit with 250

Lux WITH 50%vlt

5000+

4525

4050

3575

3100

2625

2150

1675

1200

725

250

Case II lluminance Levels with 50% VLT 79.1% area daylit

with 250
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