BASEM

GPS and Surveying

Space Segment
Control Segment
User Segment
Satellite Signal Structure
L1 = 19 cm

L2 = 24 cm

Carrier

Code
Satellite Signal Structure
Carrier L1 L2
Frequency 1575.42 MHz 1227.60 MHz
Wavelength 19cm 24cm

Code Modulation C/A-code -

P(Y)-code P(Y)-code
NAVDATA NAVDATA

C/A - Coarse Acquisition Code

P - Precise Code (Y-Code when encrypted)
NAVDATA - Satellite health, satellite clock corrections, ephemeris
parameters and SV orbital parameters.
 Satellite Ranging
Fourth measurement will decide between two points
 Satellite Range based on
Code Measurement

measure time difference

between same part of code

from satellite

from ground receiver

The Integer Ambiguity
= First Partial Wavelength
N = Integer Ambiguity N

Solving for the Integer
Ambiguity yields
centimeter precision
Carrier Phase Results
su r ed
Mea

uced
Red

Baseline or Vector
(cm precision)
Azi = 212o 42 49.8244 X = -408.251 m
Dist = 557.053 m OR Y = -84.830 m
Elev = 4 .875 m Z = -369.413 m
 ECEF Coordinate System
ECEF +Z
X = -2691542.5437 m
Y = -4301026.4260 m
Z = 3851926.3688 m

Z
Y
X

-Y

+X
 Reference Ellipsoid
a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis
(a b)
Flattening f
a

latitude
H
longitude
H ellipsoidal height
b

a
WGS-84 Ellipsoid a
a = 6378137.000000 m
b = 6356752.314245 m
1/f = 298.2572235630
 ECEF and WGS-84
ECEF +Z WGS-84
X = -2691542.5437 m = 37o 23 26.38035 N
Y = -4301026.4260 m = 122o 02 16.62574 W
Z = 3851926.3688 m H = -5.4083 m

H
b
Z
Y
X a

-Y

+X
 GPS Heights vs. Elevations

ce
rf a
s Su

th
H Ea
r
e e H
N e H soid
N El
lip

N
e = Orthometric Height
H = Ellipsoid Height
e oid
N = Geoid Height G

e=H-N
Good Satellite Geometry
Poor Satellite Geometry
Atmospheric Effects

Ionosp
here
Tropos
phere

< 10 km > 10 km
Multipath
GPS Surveying Techniques
Technique for Survey Task
Questions ?