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Advanced Computer
Networking
(CS 723)
Chapter 6:Wireless and Mobile Networks
Outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless Mobility
6.2 Wireless links, 6.5 Principles:
characteristics addressing and routing
CDMA to mobile users
6.3 IEEE 802.11 6.6 Mobile IP
wireless LANs (wi-fi) 6.7 Handling mobility in
6.4 cellular Internet cellular networks
access 6.8 Mobility and higher-
architecture layer protocols
standards (e.g., GSM)
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-2
Introduction
Mobile Wireless
wireless hosts
laptop, PDA, IP phone
run applications
may be stationary
(non-mobile) or mobile
network
infrastructure
200 802.11n
no base station, no
connection to larger
no no base station, no
infrastructure Internet. May have to
connection to larger
relay to reach other
Internet (Bluetooth,
a given wireless node
ad hoc nets)
MANET, VANET
A B C
C
As signal Cs signal
B strength strength
A
space
Hidden terminal problem
B, A hear each other Signal attenuation:
B, C hear each other B, A hear each other
A, C can not hear each other B, C hear each other
A, C can not hear each other
means A, C unaware of their
interference at B interfering at B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
output output
slot 1 slot 0
M
Di = Zi,m.cm
m=1
M
received 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d0 = 1
input -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 d1 = -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
BSS 2
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-18
802.11: Channels, association
802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into
11 channels at different frequencies
AP admin chooses frequency for AP
interference possible: channel can be same as
that chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP
scans channels, listening for beacon frames
containing APs name (SSID) and MAC address
selects AP to associate with
may perform authentication for security
will typically run DHCP to get IP address in APs
subnet
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-19
802.11: passive/active scanning
BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 1 BBS 2
AP 1 AP 2 AP 1 1 AP 2
1 1 2 2
2 3
3 4
H1 H1
Active Scanning:
Passive Scanning: (1) Probe Request frame broadcast from
(1) beacon frames sent from APs H1
(2) association Request frame sent: (2) Probes response frame sent from APs
H1 to selected AP (3) Association Request frame sent: H1 to
(3) association Response frame sent: selected AP
selected AP to H1 (AP2 to H1 in (4) Association Response frame sent:
this case) selected AP to H1 (AP2 to H1 in this
case)
A B C
C
As signal Cs signal
B strength strength
A
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
Internet
H1 R1 router
AP
802.11 frame
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-25
802.11 frame: more
frame seq #
duration of reserved
(for RDT)
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Rsvd
version AP AP frag mgt data
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
H1 remains in same IP
router
subnet: IP address
can remain same hub or
switch: which AP is switch
10-3
dynamically change
BER
10-4
transmission rate 10-5
headphones) P radius of
M
ad hoc: no infrastructure coverage
master/slaves: S S P
P
slaves request permission to
send (to master)
master grants requests
M Master device
802.15: evolved from
Slave device
Bluetooth specification S
2.4-2.5 GHz radio band P Parked device (inactive)
up to 721 kbps
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-30
802.16: WiMAX
point-to-point
like 802.11 & cellular:
base station model
transmissions to/from
base station by hosts
with omnidirectional
antenna
base station-to-base point-to-multipoint
station backhaul with
point-to-point antenna
unlike 802.11:
range ~ 6 miles (city
rather than coffee
shop)
~14 Mbps
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-31
802.16: WiMAX: downlink, uplink scheduling
transmission frame
down-link subframe: base station to node
uplink subframe: node to base station
pream.
base station tells nodes who will get to receive (DL map)
and who will get to send (UL map), and when
wired network
TDMA/FDMA
CDMA-2000
GPRS EDGE UMT Alphabet soup: only for reference
IS-136 S
GSM IS-95
CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
data rates up to 144K
evolved from IS-95
wide area
network
Permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186 correspondent
Care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
wide area
network
1
2
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on
agent home: this mobile is entering visited
resident in my network network
End result:
Foreign agent knows about mobile
Home agent knows location of mobile
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-44
Mobility via Indirect Routing
foreign agent
receives packets,
home agent intercepts forwards to mobile
packets, forwards to visited
foreign agent network
home
network
3
wide area
network
2
1
correspondent 4
addresses packets
mobile replies
using home address
directly to
of mobile
correspondent
correspondent 1
requests, receives
mobile replies
foreign address of
directly to
mobile
correspondent
Mobile Node
Global Internet
Correspondent
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by
correspondent
R bit: registration
required type = 16 length sequence #
RBHFMGV
registration lifetime reserved
bits mobility agent
advertisement
0 or more care-of- extension
addresses
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-57
Mobile IP: registration example
visited network: 79.129.13/24
home agent foreign agent
HA: 128.119.40.7 COA: 79.129.13.2 ICMP agent adv.
Mobile agent
COA: 79.129.13.2 MA: 128.119.40.186
.
registration req.
registration req. COA: 79.129.13.2
COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7
HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186
MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999
Lifetime: 9999 identification:714
identification: 714 .
encapsulation format
.
registration reply
time HA: 128.119.40.7 registration reply
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999 HA: 128.119.40.7
Identification: 714 MA: 128.119.40.186
encapsulation format Lifetime: 4999
. Identification: 714
.
C =
MS bile correspondent
Mo ching wired public
w i t er
S nt
telephone
C e network
MSC MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
1 call routed
to home network
3 Public
VLR switched
Mobile
telephone
Switching
network
Center
4
home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call
to MSC in visited network
mobile
user MSC in visited network completes
visited call through base station to mobile
network
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-61
GSM: handoff with common MSC