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CONSTITUENTS AND
REGULATIONS
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND
WATER QUALITY
Water - cover of the earth surface
Over 97% of the total water is not
readily usable oceans and other
saline bodies of water
Over 2% is inaccessible ice caps and
glaciers, atmospheric and soil moisture
Only 0.62% for human fresh water
lakes, rivers & groundwater supplies
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Atmosphere
Condensation
Evaporation Evapotranspiration
SOURCES
Natural contaminants resulting from the
erosive action of water flowing over
surfaces
Result from human use of water
domestic wastewater
Contain inorganic (clay, silt) or organic
(plant fibers, bacteria)particles,
immiscible liquids (oil and grease)
IMPACT
Aesthetically displeasing
Provide adsorption site for chemical
and biological agents
May be degraded biologically or may
include diseases-causing organisms
MEASUREMENT
Filtering the water, drying the residue
and filter to a constant weight at
104oC and lastly determine the mass
of the residue retained on the filter
FILTERABLE RESIDUE AND
NONFILTERABLE RESIDUE
Term used in laboratory analysis to
represent the SS and DS
Filterable residue closely related to DS
while nonfilterable residue more closely
to SS
USE
Measure the quality of wastewater
influent
Monitor several treatment processes
Measure the quality of the effluent
2. TURBIDITY
A measure of the extent to which light is
either absorbed or scattered by suspended
material in water
Not a direct quantitative measurement of SS
SOURCES
results from the erosion of colloidal material
such as clay, silt, rock fragments, metal
oxides from the soil, vegetables fiber,
microorganism, soaps, detergent,
emulsifying agents
IMPACT
Aesthetically displeasing opaqueness
will appear
Provides adsorption sites for chemicals
and biological organism that may be
harmful or cause undesirable tastes and
odors
May interfere with light penetration and
photosynthetic reactions in streams and
lakes
MEASUREMENT
Measured photometrically by
determining the percentage of light of a
given intensity that is either absorbed
or scattered
Turbidity is a relative measure, not
absolute measures.
It is usually expressed as nephelometric
turbidity units (NTU) or as metres
depth. Other units, formazin turbidity
units (FTU) or Jackson turbidity units
(JTU)
Turbidimeter using the
scattered/transmitted light method
USE
Made on clean
waters
3. COLOR
Apparent color color of water partly
due to suspended matter
True color color contributed by DS
SOURCES
Yellowish-brown water contact with
organic debris
Reddish cause by iron oxide
Brown/blackish manganese oxide
Industrial waste textile and dyeing
operations, food processing
IMPACT
Unsuitable for laundering, dyeing,
papermaking, dairy production
Affect the market of domestic and
industrial company
Organic compound reduce the
effectiveness of chlorine as
disinfectant
MEASUREMENT
Comparison with standardized colored
materials (unit used TCU)
4. TASTE & ODOR
SOURCES
Mineral, metals and salts from the soil
end products from biological reactions
Inorganic substances taste
Alkaline material & metallic salts
cause a bitter taste to water
Organic material contributed to both
taste and odor
IMPACT
Consumer associates T&O with
contamination
Organic substances carcinogenic
MEASUREMENT
Can be made if the causative agents
are known
Organic cause gas or liquid
chromatography
Qualitative test threshold odor
number (TON)
TON = (A + B)/A
IMPACT OF
TEMPERATURE
Affect solubilities
of gases in water
Biological
activities higher
Physical properties e.g in higher T
viscosity and density
affect planktonic
microorg.
CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS
1. TDS
Materials remaining in water after SS
removal
Organic sources decayed product of
vegetation, organic chemical
Inorganic sources minerals, metals, gases
Produce undesirable substances in water
(color, taste, odor, toxicity problem)
Some are essential: distilled water taste flat,
readily dissolved added to pure water to
reduce its tendency to dissolve pipes and
plumbing
2. ALKALINITY
Soluble in water
Obtained from natural sources and
human activities
Categories of dissolved organic
Biodegradable
Nonbiodegradable
7.1 BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS
Standards
RIVER WATER QUALITY
MONITORING
BOD
COD
Ammonical nitrogen
pH
DO
SS
Optional heavy metals and bacteria
WATER QUALITY INDEX