Watch and make some

notes
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=6kkN6uRAaaY
 Starter

What do you understand

by the term deviance?
 Exam Question
Watching elite sport has become easier due to increased
media coverage and commercialisation.

In 2009, the Deputy Leader of the Secondary

Headteachers Association suggested that football should
only be shown on television after the 9 oclock watershed
because of the bad example that it sets to children.

Discuss the suggestion that there has been a decline in

sportsmanship since the late 19th Century and outline
strategies that the sporting authorities have used in an
attempt to maintain high standards of behaviour

(14 Marks)
Agree
Answers
A. Explanation of sportsmanship unwritten rules of etiquette/fairplay/spirit of the game/suitable
example
B. 19th century sport run by middle/upper class/elite performers were amateur/amateur sport was
dominant
C. Based on concept of amateurism playing for love of sport/ not paid
D. Based on concept of athleticism physical endeavour and moral integrity
E. (During 20th century) professionalism increased/greater extrinsic rewards/more money
involved/more commercialisation
F. Greater pressure from media/national expectation/media encourages copying of poor role models
G. Increase in win at all cost attitude/Lombardian ethic
H. Caused an increase in gamesmanship bending the rules
I. (Increase in) doping/violent play/cheating/abusive language/match fixing/deviancy/prosecutions

Disagree
J. Sportsmanship promoted at events eg Olympics/Olympism/ Olympic Ideal
K. Performers are role models and understand their responsibility
L. Greater need to maintain image to retain sponsors/commercial deals/image of sport
M. (during 19th Century) corruption was part of sport/may not have declined just now more widely
reported in the media

Strategies
N. Campaigns to promote sportsmanship/Respect/Fairplay Awards/Sporting ethics promoted within
schools/clubs/education
O. Better officials/citing after game/better technology to help officials/fourth official
P. Rules changed to promote fairplay
Q. (On the field) penalties/sin bins/bookings
R. (Off the field) fines/bans
S. Punish the club deduct points/matches behind closed doors
T. Positive role models/name and shame bad role models
U. Codes of conduct for players/spectators
A2
A2 Level Physical Education:

Deviance

Mr Curran
DEVIANCE, CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN SPORT

in sociological terms, deviance means the

variation of behaviour from the norm
(what is normal)

this can be upwards (positive) or

downwards (negative) deviance

in sport, deviance is the expression of

cheating or intention to cheat in sport
 DEVIANCE AND WIN AT ALL COSTS

the win at all costs ethic comes form the

Lombardian ethic in sport (expounded by
Vince Lombardi - an American Football
coach)

it basically an athletes desire to win no

matter what
losing or even coming second is not an
option

as a result, players may cheat in order to

win

deviance is the expression of this cheating

or intention to cheat in sport
 THE 2 SIDES TO DEVIANCE IN SPORT

positive deviance negative deviance

training through injury illegal / rule breaking

no pain, no gain attitude for example, deliberately
perhaps an over harming another player
commitment to sport for example, taking drugs
 PLAYER / ATHLETE VIOLENCE

players in certain games sometimes allow the

importance of the occasion to tip them over the
edge into violence

this is about violence to other players

usually these are players on the opposing team!

 CONFLICT THEORY AS A PART OF DEVIANCE

the idea that society is

the idea that made up of a constantly
society is an changing set of
unstable system relationships

some areas of society

will have more power
? the idea that for
one group to
than others succeed
it must be at the
due to economic
differences expense of
another
this theory says that if workers have
based on the ideas little control over their everyday
of Karl Marx lives
then they will seek entertainment
and excitement
sport is seen as a good provider of
this entertainment
as it contains consumerism and
entertainment on a mass scale
CONFLICT THEORY AND VIOLENCE AND
AGGRESSION IN SPORT

the fact that one group / team must suffer for

another one to succeed, means that winning
becomes very important

this is because no one likes to lose (which is

essentially suffering)

therefore competitions become dominated by

a win at all costs attitude
thus aggression may occur
 AGGRESSION IN SPORTSPEOPLE WHEN
WINNING BECOMES IMPORTANT
if a player is losing / cannot perform the tasks they wish to
perform, he / she tends to get frustrated

frustration can lead to aggression, as we become

annoyed by our lack of ability to perform specific tasks

for example, how many of you have lashed out at someone

else / kicked a wall because you cant do something youd
like to be able to do?!
LEVELS OF AGGRESSION IN DIFFERENT
SITUATIONS

if winning the game is extremely important,

then players may become more aggressive in
order to try to improve their chances of
winning

different types of sports can alter levels of

aggression
for example, in which sport do athletes
tend to be more aggressive games or
gymnastics?

when a player becomes tired, his / her skill

level tends to decrease, thus leading to
frustration and possibly aggression
CONTROLLING ATHLETE AGGRESSION

BEHAVIOUR AND THE COACH

players should learn to channel their aggression
into positive aspects

for example, running a bit faster, tackling a bit

harder but within the rules of the game

often a coach is required to assist in this process

DETERRENCE
referees / umpires nowadays have the power to
send off or bin players for offences on the field

but occasionally, people are cited for excessive

violence, and NGBs can order a ban for future games
 HOOLIGANISM AND SPECTATOR VIOLENCE
hooliganism is a term
aggressive, mostly used regarding
rebellious behaviour dysfunctional behaviour
usually by groups of of spectators during
spectators football games

?
violent behaviour
in a gang dates back to the
hooliganism is an 17th & 18th
intent to do harm centuries

became a large problem in the 1960s

with the group behaviour of
predominantly white, unskilled
teenage males
at premiership football matches
 alcohol consumption

boredom / unemployment
violence on the pitch

pre-match hype
poor refereeing
caused by media

what causes
build-up

hooliganism? importance of
the game
religious differences

nationalism led by the

behaviour of
desire to prove ones
opposition fans
own nation is more superior
than any other

tribalism - groups of
aggression of the people protecting their
working class male land / territory
 SOME EXAMPLES OF FOOTBALL
HOOLIGANISM
Rangers vs Celtic
the religious differences between these two
teams fans often lead to violence

England vs Argentina
the troubled history between these two
countries means that there is a lot of
underlying tension
this is often expressed at football matches
between the two teams

England vs Germany
again, a troubled past means that fans are
often aggressive towards the opposition
OTHER ACTS OF HOOLIGANISM

pitch invasions

racial abuse

violent confrontations with the

police

damage to grounds property

obscene chanting / shouting

WHY FOOTBALL AND NOT TENNIS?

football is, historically, a male, working class

sport - derived from low culture

football even began as a mob game within the

working class, thus was fuelled by aggression
and violence

however, in recent years, football has had a

middle-class take over

this is demonstrated by the rise of ticket prices,

the encouragement of family attendance and all-
seated grounds - which has substantially
reduced spectator deviance

equally, tennis is historically considered to be an

middle class sport a social class traditionally
within which violence is not a part - high culture
 WHO ARE THE HOOLIGANS?

in the past, hooligans were often defined by

their class status ie it was the working class,
uneducated (low culture) male members of
society who participated in such acts of violence

however, in modern society, social class

divisions are not so clearly cut

it has even been found that many hooligans are

actually highly educated individuals in
professional careers

thus, there is no one single factor which

explains hooliganism and who participates in it
 THEORIES ABOUT PARTICIPATION IN
HOOLIGANISM
Elias & Dunning Taylor Marsh Brown
(1970) (1971) (1978) (1991)
suggested that argued football believes suggests that
people seek is now a passive hooliganism to hooligans
excitement in an spectator sport be a ritual act become
unexciting addicted to the
society control of Marsh states violence in a
wealthy that violence at similar way to
by acting in an directors has football games gamblers and
aggressive meant is a ceremonial alcoholics
manner, people spectators have system for
are more able to decreased resolving he suggests that
freely express control thus conflict people who have
themselves they have few life
responded he even believes experiences use
violently to this violence has violence as a
these changes rules and is way of dealing
structured with their life
rather than problems
 MALES OR FEMALES?

more often than not, it is young males

this is perhaps largely due to the fact that

more males than females go to watch
matches

macho males tend to act aggressively when

they want to impress their friends

males also have a stronger desire to

demonstrate their strength, masculinity
and superiority as the better sex
 THE MEDIA AND HOOLIGANISM

the media has a large amount of control over the

way society forms attitudes towards hooligans

acts of violence become sensationalised in the

papers, and hooligans are branded thugs and
savages

thus, media coverage tends to reinforce the belief

that hooligans are inhuman

whilst it is fair to argue that the media does not

increase hooliganism, it is fair to say that they are
not neutral in their descriptions of such
occurrences

this means that the general public may form

incorrect views of such people (hooligans)

nonetheless, hooligan acts are more often than not

extremely violent and extremely horrific
 CCTV
seated stadiums
control of alcohol consumption

ID cards
improved security checks

hefty punishments
family stands for rule hooligans

stewards &
combating
marshalling hooliganism
improved
ticket prices
bans for misconduct

segregation of home
& away fans

improved ticket distribution

 Exam Question

Explain the consequences of spectator violence, for example

hooliganism, for the
clubs and the sporting authorities. (4 marks)
 Answers

A. Negative image of sport causes decline in participation

rates/smaller foundation base
B. Spectator attendance declines
C. Supporters banned from travelling/attending/matches
played behind closed doors
D. All supporters treated as hooligans
E. Teams banned from competing/loss of points/fined
F. Sponsors/commercial deals withdrawn
G. Additional cost to police events/provide more stewards
H. Relationship with local community/other countries
declines /negative impact for hosting future events
The media and Hooliganism
BBC sport and racism
What sports are involved?
Why are the media reporting it?
What is the outcome?
Jason Roberts: FA must look at racism
in football again
Are the campaigns working ?
Egypt Case study
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/footbal
l/16856468

Watch the video clip on the BBC web

page.
What were the causes of the
violence?
How could it have been dealt with
better?
Riots start in the stands Crowds march onto the pitch
whilst the game is still being in their hundreds
played

Police attempt to calm the

Players flee from the pitch situation
Egypt case study
This case study shows acts of deviant behaviour. It
shows acts of violence between the supporters
from both teams (hooliganism), and with the
police and officials. Lots of people are caught up
in the behaviour. Sadly over 70 people died in this
riot.
Some suggest that the violence was pre-organised,
and was politically based. The police were aware
of know hooligans within the crowd, and were
there in number, but clearly did not do enough to
stop the rioting.
Other cases of hooliganism
During the last 20th and early 21st
century football hooliganism in the
UK was on the increase.
In 2002 the BBC campaigned against
hooliganism.
This website shows some of their
findings
 Lets think about the Olympics.
What factors which could cause hooliganism at World
Games?

Alcohol Excitement seeking To show

National superiority

To impress/
Influence of Challenge to authority
particular group
past conflicts e.g. police
to be accepted

Influence of
Ritualism groups e.g
Addictive
National Front
Preventing Hooliganism
Tighter security/CCTV/more police presence
Heavier punishments/bans/Educate supporters/make
aware of punishments
Family enclosures/segregate fans
Community work with police/undercover police
Control/ban alcohol
Players display sportsmanship on the field/dont incite
crowd/act as role models
Responsible media reporting
Players/clubs/communities condemn acts of hooliganism
Develop club/community links
Limit attendances
Clubs devise policies against hooliganism fair play
charters
 Recent events
Milan match abandoned due to racist
chanting by fans.
Current statistics
Current statistics
Useful links
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16311
308
http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/devon/h
i/people_and_places/newsid_9176000/
9176519.stm

http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/20
10/aug/22/football-violence-hooligans
Effect of violence on
Individuals
Fan violence may lead to poor treatment of legitimate fans.
Held in stadiums
Questioned
Treated with suspicion
Players who are injured as a result of violence may have to
end their careers.
Can no longer play
May be psychologically scarred
Livelihood curtailed
Players whose teams are banned from competitions may
have their own chances to play in international
competitions taken away.
May hinder future transfers
Effects of violence on sport
Sport seen as rough
football and not rugby
Cost of policing games
Clubs put forward some of the cost
towards policing games. More police
presence, more cost.
Reputation of the club damaged by
the supporters
 Effects of violence on
society
Countries seen as having hooligans
The UK has lots of hooligans, where are the US
does not or is this media portrayal ?
Damages reputation of the country and all its
teams
Economic effects country loses out on tourism
as fears of being caught up in riots.
Social effects teams lose supporters as games
are deemed unsafe to attend
Teams and players lose sporting standings as
their reputation is damaged.
 DRUGS
Watch and make notes;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11-
sP2lE-mQ
 WHY MIGHT AN ATHLETE CHEAT?

as stated before, some players do not believe

losing is a viable option, so therefore they
will do anything to win

but why is winning so important?

success often pressure from

equals fame family / coach / fans

large financial gains

from winning
 minor rule breaking ie
professional fouls in football
for example, diving or pulling
an opponent back

how might an
athlete cheat?

deliberately harming an
opponent in order to
taking drugs in order to gain the upper hand
be faster or stronger
A DEFINITION OF ILLEGAL DRUG-TAKING -
DOPING
the International Olympic Committee
considers doping to be:

the administration of or use by a

competing athlete of any substance
foreign to the body or any
physiological substance taken in
abnormal quantity or taken by
abnormal route of entry into the body
with the sole intention of increasing
in an artificial and unfair manner
his/her performance in a competition
 WHY TAKE DRUGS IN SPORT?

the notion that athletes participate in

sport for the love of the game has
dramatically faded in recent years

with the promise of fame and wealth for

successful athletes, it is little wonder that
performers are persuaded to illegally
enhance their performance

put simply, athletes take drugs in order

to win
 WHY TAKE DRUGS IN SPORT?

another fallacy widely put forward by the

less successful sportsperson:

is that you have to take drugs to succeed

because everyone at the top must be
taking drugs

people who believe this cannot believe that

someone else may be better than they
are!!!
 BENEFITS FROM TAKING DRUGS

improved recovery
an increased
chance of success
the ability to
train harder

an increase in
? weight control

aggression
muscle hypertrophy

to control nerves
becoming faster or
stronger
 DRUG PREVENTION

liaison between
random testing relevant organisations

education

?
strict punishments
programmes for
players & coaches

unified NGB policies

more money & research

into use of both positive &
testing programmes negative role models
 HOW DOES DRUG-TESTING WORK?

random athletes chosen for test

athlete produces urine sample

urine sent for testing

sample tested
positive
negative
investigation by NGB
no further action

athlete must provide

sample usually
explanation
destroyed

but sometimes kept NGB hearing, athlete

for testing later to plead case
punishment if found guilty
 THE IOC AND DRUG-TAKING

the IOC has taken a unified stance

against performance-enhancing drugs

a list of illegal drugs has been

published,
laboratories have been accredited for
their consistent & precise testing of
drugs

the IOC also sponsors conferences

regarding the topic of drug-taking
 THE ROLE OF THE WORLD
ANTI-DOPING AGENCY
(WADA)

WADA is an international independent

organisation, based in Montreal, Canada

established in 1999

it promotes, co-ordinates and monitors

the movement against doping and
drug-taking in sport

it is funded by the sports movement &

governments of the world

WADA coordinated the world anti-

doping code, which brings together anti-
doping policies in sports across the world
 KEY PRIORITIES FOR WADA
adoption, implementation & compliance of the
world anti-doping code

promoting global research to identify & detect

doping substances

developing & maintaining an anti-doping system

(adams)

aiding the co-ordination of regional anti-doping

organisations

leading effective education programmes to

prevent doping in sport

educating international level athletes regarding

doping

enabling stakeholders to fulfil responsibilities of

random, out of competition testing
 THE WHEREABOUTS RULE
the British Olympic Committee and UK sport have
a widespread random drug testing programme

to miss two of these random tests results in sanctions

and to miss for a third time produces an automatic
one year ban

this happened to Christine Ohuruogu World and

Olympic champion in track and field athletics

this was in spite of her passing many other tests

during the period when this was happening

she was forced to miss the 2006 season during her

ban
 THE WHEREABOUTS RULE

under the WADA rules brought in January 1st 2009, athletes in

all Olympic sports are required to state 3 months in advance
their locations for 1 hour per day, 7 days a week

this is the time during which random testing could take place

this is called the whereabouts rule and this rule has

provoked anger from tennis players, such as Andy Murray,
Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer, who feel that the European
Union privacy law has been breached

in season, testing normally takes place after competitions or

matches
 THE ATHLETE PASSPORT

WADA has introduced the Athlete Passport which

contains an on-going collection of an individuals urine
and blood profiles which have so far been collected and
tested
during the international athletes performance lifespan

samples are stored and then made available for retro-

testing when appropriate
it is projected that future profile collection could include
endocrine information

http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/Athlete-P
assport/
SHOULD ATHLETES TAKE DRUGS?

it is very possible to argue this point

some may believe that if all drugs were

legal, then we are all able to participate in
sport on an even level,

hence if everyone were permitted to take

whatever performance-enhancing drugs we
desire to take, then everyone would be
equal

however, if a player takes a performance-

enhancing drug, then he / she is forsaking
both his / her morals and the ethics of
sport
SHOULD ATHLETES TAKE DRUGS?

after all, anyone who plays sport will know that

the feeling of winning is one of personal
triumph and satisfaction
by taking drugs, it is no longer the athlete who
has won, but the drugs

still think drugs are a good idea? have a look

over the previous slides take particular note of
any disadvantages

personal health is definitely at risk from taking

most of these substances
there are many well documented cases of early
death (as young as 28) from sports drug abuse
Should PEDs be banned?
NO
Testing and defending decisions in court is time consuming
and expensive, money would be better used in improving
support.
Detection is not always effective and varies between
countries. This makes it unfair and performers are not
always treated the same.
Athletes have access to behind the counter tests. So those
with the most up to date technology can/will go undetected
for a while.
There is a fine line between nutritional supplement and
drug.
Is a performer is aware of the health risks and still makes
the decision to take the drug, it is their moral decision to do
so.
If the use of PEDs improves performance and this leads to
new records being set, this makes the sport more exciting,
which in turn will attract more attention, media, spectators,
Should PEDs be banned ?
YES
Most PEDs have harmful side effects which are known.
If a PED becomes legalised it will be assumed that you
cannot succeed without it. This would put pressure on all
performers to, especially the young and uninformed, who
may not know the detrimental health effects.
Performers may come under pressure from coaches or team
mates
The cost mean that it is not a level playing field. Most PEDs
are very costly.
Sport is the utilisation of natural talent and the use of drugs
dismisses this fact.
Training aids are used to enhance or develop a
predisposition all ready in the performer, where as PEDs
give the performer something that was not there. This
artificial enhancement is wrong and dangerous.
 Exam Question
Explain the advantages and the
disadvantages of all sports, in all
countries, testing for performance
enhancing drugs. (4 Marks)
 Answers
Advantages
A. Uphold the traditions of sport/sporting ethics/ cheats are caught/all competitors are
equal/no country has
an advantage/no performer has an advantage
B. Standard list of banned substances/same testing procedures/similar punishments
C. Random tests are more effective/ testing not limited by where the athlete is based
D. Shared costs between all sports
E. Performers not able to pick and choose sports based on drug testing procedures/no
basis for legal
complaints of being unfairly treated

Disadvantages
F. Difficult to get all countries/sports to agree
G. Expensive/limited number of testing facilities/not available in all countries
H. Testing can produce incorrect results/inconsistent results/difficult to keep up with
new drugs
I. Difficult to agree which PED should be included in banned lists
J. Professionals have the right to decide on their own development needs
K. Money used for testing could be used for education about dangers of drug taking
 SPORT AND THE LAW

there are certain situations in the broad area of

sport where the law of the land is used

instead of sports governing bodies rules

this is an increasing issue in modern day

sport
 RULE ENFORCEMENT

this is usually down to the officials who are

responsible for ensuring that players abide by
the written rules of the game

if players fail to do this, then officials have the

duty and power to punish players as
necessary

for example, David Beckham was sent off

during the 1998 World Cup Argentina game
when he deliberately kicked another player
 CODES OF CONDUCT

these are usually unwritten rules that determine how

a player should behave during a game

ie
fair play
sportsmanship
sporting ethics
THE NEED FOR LAWS WITHIN SPORT

whilst it would be nice to believe that

individuals who participate in sport always adhere
to the rules, there are many who try to gain
personal advantage from the sports they play

thus, in recent years, sporting laws have

become more and more common
Sport and the Law
BOSMAN RULING
The ruling by the European court of Justice that states that
a professional player has the right to a free transfer at the
end of his/her contract

SPORT LAW
A body of legislation, case law and precedence that applies
to sport.

Some lawyers now specialise in sport law.

Players, managers, officials, agents and negotiators will be

well versed in the law so they know how to act to stay with
in it.
Bosman Ruling
Gave footballers the right to move to
another club on a free transfer at the
end of their contract.
The existing club cannot ask for a
transfer fee or retain the players
licence.
Why might performers need the
protection of the law?
1. Opposition player fouls/protection from
violence/compensation claims;
2. Off field of play contracts with employers/administration
of wages/assets/Bosman ruling;
3. Sponsorship deals/commercial deals;
4. Protection from media intrusion intro private life;
5. Protection from hooligans/fans during and after games;
6. Maintenance of restricted areas during
training/competitions;
7. Protection from racism/equal opportunities.;
8. Appeals against NGB decision/disciplinary actions/drug
tests
 Watch the Video Clip
Player vs Ball boy
One of you will represent Eden Hazard

One of you will represent the ball boy

Come up with an argument as a lawyer for

each person involved.

Who ever has the strongest case will win.

Law in relation to officials
1. Open to investigation due to decision making, bribery and
corruption. (cricket corruption in India 2012)

2. Liable for prosecution if a player sustains an injury due to

negligence by the referee.

3. Duty of care to all those involved and must not put

anybody in danger through avoidable or predictable
events.
Read the news paper article
The case Mark Clattenburg is referring between Chelsea and Manchester united. Some of the
Chelsea (and manchester United) players claim to have heard Clattenburg call Mikel a monkey.
Mikel didnt hear the comment, but was told by team mates afterwards and now wants to press
charges.

NOW - Mark Clattenburg is considering suing Chelsea football club after claims he used racist
language towards one of their player John Obi Mikel.

TASK - With this case there are too many loop holes. What can be done in the future to prevent
this kind of accusation occurring

The Outcome
Clattenburg is cleared by FA but his career remains damaged.
Mikel is charged with misconduct.
Referees are to be privately recorded in the future will this happen?
More information click here
Law in relation to managers, agents,
directors and club owners
Complex dealing when selling/buying players

Financial aspects of sport

Corruption
Bonuses
Off shore accounts

Health and safety of spectators and fans within the stadium

Hillsborough disaster
All seater stadiums
Removal of fencing
Changes in ticket allocation
Law in relation to spectators
Spectators must act within the law
Public order acts dont allow
Pitch invasions eg hearts 4000 fine by
Uefa
Obscene chanting arrests
Foul language banned from games
Racism arrested and banned
Hooligan behaviours prison sentences
 WHICH AREAS IN SPORT REQUIRE LAWS?

eliminate
fair competition discrimination

player contracts
players rights

to control to prevent
violence drug misuse

players vs officials televison rights

 WHY DO EACH OF THESE AREAS NEED LAWS?

FAIR COMPETITION
this can be related to teams actions surrounding a game
it is important that teams start on a level playing field, and if
this does not occur, the responsible team should be made
accountable for their actions

PLAYER CONTRACTS
with the ever-increasing wages in professional sports, it is
important that players have legal documents which ensure
wages are correctly paid
equally, clubs require such documents in order to ensure
players meet the demands laid out within their contracts
WHY DO EACH OF THESE AREAS NEED LAWS?
(continued)
VIOLENCE CONTROL
this is relevant to actions made both off and on
the field of play
ie players injuring other players with deliberate
intent
ie hooliganism and crowd control

ELIMINATE DISCRIMINATION
this type of law is extremely important
it is illegal for any club to disallow an individual
to become a member of an institution on the
grounds of colour or race

PLAYERS RIGHTS
this is related to players contracts
it is now legal for players to leave a professional
soccer club for no transfer fee once their contract
has expired
 WHY DO EACH OF THESE AREAS NEED LAWS?
(continued)
DRUG MISUSE
by taking drugs to enhance performance, players are essentially
cheating in order to gain the upper hand over their opponents
thus, it is illegal to take performance-enhancing drugs such
as anabolic steroids

TELEVISION RIGHTS
this is especially relevant to football, as large revenues are
generated from TV rights
clubs are arguing that it is unfair that the Premier League
negotiates TV rights for Premiership games
clubs believe it is their right to organise their own TV deals

PLAYERS vs OFFICIALS
it is now law that officials take responsibility for the
reasonable care of players
for example, Smolden v Whitworth (1991) in this case, a young
rugby player was permanently paralysed when a scrum collapsed
during a bad-tempered game, it was later ruled that the referee
had not acted with competence, and thus was liable for the
players injuries
 Exam Question
Some sports have experienced violence, both
on and off the field of play, involving both
players and spectators.

How does the law and sports legislation help

to ensure that performers are protected
during sporting contests?

(3 Marks?)
 Answers
A. Protect against violent play
B. Employment contracts with
clubs/Sponsorship/commercial contracts/avoid burnout
C. Ensure duty of care from officials/negligence of poor
referees
D. Safe playing environment/stadiums are suitable for
purpose
E. Protection from violent spectators/hooligans/terrorist
threats
F. Ensure opponents using doping methods are banned
G. Equality legislation/racism act/sexism act/disability
acts/age or weight categories/gender