Human Life Stages

Janatin Hastuti, PhD

Lab. of Bio- and Paleoanthropology
Faculty of Medicine UGM
Objectives

After studying this lecture, you will be able to

describe each stage of human life stages
Human Life Cycle

The period of an individuals development is the time

between conception and death.
Human life stages (RE Scammon)
1. Prenatal
a. Ovum (first 2 weeks)
b. Embrio (2-8 weeks)
c. Fetus (2-10 month)
2. Postnatal
a. Infancy
1) Neonates (first 2 weeks)
2) Infancy (2 minggu 1 year)
b. Childhood
1) Early (1-6 years)
2) Middle (6-9 or10 years)
3) Late (boys: 9-10 years until 13-16 years;
girls: 9-10 until 12-15 years)
c. Puberty (boys: 14 years; girls: 13 years)
d. Adolescent (boys: 14-20 years; girls: 13-18/20
years)
e. Adulthood (from 18-20 years until 60 years)
PRENATAL
Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth

Fertilization is the union of an

egg cell with a spermatozoon

Gestation is the period from

fertilization to birth which is
approximately 40 weeks

The period in which the

product of conception develops
is known as pregnancy

After 8 weeks of gestation, the

embryo becomes a fetus
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 Neonatal

A baby for the first four weeks

of life

Average birth weight for most

full-term infants is between 2.5
and 4.5 kg with a gestation of
between 37 and 42 weeks
duration.

Weight loss of ten percent in Birth (neonate)

the first week of life is normal.
Infancy
Birth weight is usually
regained by 10-14 days.
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Toddler
Types of postnatal growth
* Typical (general): growth of long bones, skeletal
muscle, digestive tract, blood system and
volume.
* Neural: brain and related structure, cerebellum,
eye balls, auricular system, etc.
* Lymphoid: lymphoid system.
* Genital: genital organs in males and females.
Types of
postnatal
growth of
human body
 Childhood

Period from infancy to puberty

Toddler
Infant
Age 1 to 3
Becomes
The first year of life
competent at
Makes many physical and
walking, talking,
emotional strides
etc.

Childhood
Age 3 to puberty
Puberty is the development of
sex characteristics between 8
to 12 years
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Average weight gain from birth to five years of age

Child's age Average weight gain

0-3 months 150-200 g / week

3-6 months 100-150 g / week
6-12 months 70-90 g / week
Birth weight doubles (or
Between birth & 1 year
more)

2-3 kg / year (40-50 g /

1-2 years
week)
2-5 years 2 kg / year
Characteristics of childhood growth
(Vandervael)

* Early childhood ( < 2.5 y)

* Rapid growth of body height and weight
* Trunk and head proportion is relatively high
* Head height about body height, cylindrical thorax
* Very short extremity, bulky and not muscularly

* Middle childhood (2.5 7 y)

* All milk teeth have erupted, permanent teeth tart erupting
* Still have rounded head and trunk with little reduction
* Growth of breadth is greater than height growth.

* Late childhood (7-12, boys;7-11, girls)

* Linear growth crisis existed, little transversal growth
* Thorax oval, obvious waist, slim posture
* Secondary sexual trait appeared
Adolescence

Period of physical maturation

Usually between ages 13 to 19
Experience conflict of being more physically
mature than emotionally
Secondary sex characteristics fully develop

Boy Secondary Sex

Characteristics

facial hair
Axillary hair
pubic hair
voice changes
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* Adolescence (13-17/18, boys; 12-15/16, girls)

* 2nd growth crisis after the first at 5-6 y.

* The most important transitional period, affecting sexual
trait and adult biotype.
* feminine precocity appeared, 11/12 15/16 (girls), 12/13 -
17/18 (boys).
* Prepubertal stage
* Adalolescence growth spurt
* Growth velocity is high in body height
* Pubertal stage
* Development of primary and secondary sexual trait
* Transversal growth predominant
* Girls: menstrual period, pubic and axillary hair,
mammae
* Boys: voice change, face and pubic hair, genitalia
 Adulthood

Young Adulthood

Ages 20 to 40
Period where individuals set up their
first homes, build careers, and
become parents

Middle Adulthood

Ages 40 to 60
Physical changes such as menopause, decreased hearing,
and other conditions may prompt individuals to choose an
internist or family practitioner
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 Old Age

Ages 60 until death

The accumulation of changes in a person over time.
A multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social
change.
The state or process of ageing: senescence.
Age is measured chronologically (Chronological ageing), distinctions:
universal ageing (age changes in general)
probabilistic ageing (age changes that may happen to some)
social ageing (cultural age-expectations of how people should act
as they grow older)
biological ageing (physical state as it ages)
proximal ageing (age-based effects that come about because of
factors in the recent past)
Distal ageing (age-based differences that can be traced back to a
cause early in person's life)
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 Population ageing: the increase in the number and
proportion of older people in society.
Population ageing possible causes:
Migration,
longer life expectancy (decreased death rate),
and
decreased birth rate. Ageing has a significant
impact on society.
Divisions are sometimes: young old (6574), middle
old (7584) and oldest old (85+)
Chronological age does not correlate perfectly with
functional age (mental and physical capacities)
 Death

The end of life occurs when the heart,

respiratory system and central nervous system
stop functioning

Today there are life support machines that can

prolong life

Euthanasia or assisted suicide is practiced in

certain countries
Living Wills are legal documents signed by a patient
that explains their preferences regarding medical
treatment if there is no reasonable expectation of
recovery

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Growth assessments:

Denver test: up to 5 year childhood

Tanner test: childhood - adolescence/adult
Dental & skeletal maturation: childhood
adolescent/adult
Dental eruption
Bone growth (radiography/X-ray)
Anthropometry
Indices of body constitution:
BMI, Livi index, Roehrer index
Weight for age, height for age, weight for height
Anthropometric indices:
Cormic index, biacromiale index, bicristale index
Body measurements:
Head circumference
Upper arm circumference
Psychosocial development (Eriksons stages)

Developed by Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

Eight stages through which a healthily developing human
should pass from infancy to late adulthood.
In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully
masters, new challenges.
Each stage builds upon the successful completion of
earlier stages.
The challenges of stages not successfully completed may
be expected to reappear as problems in the future.
Characterizes an individual advancing as a function of
negotiating his or her biological forces and sociocultural
forces.
Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis of
these two conflicting forces.
Eriksons psychosocial crisis stages
1. Hope & drive: Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy, to 2 y)
2. Willpower & self-control: Autonomy vs. Shame &
Doubt (early childhood)
3. Purpose & direction: Initiative vs. Guilt (play age, 1-
3 y)
4. Competence & method: Industry vs. Inferiority
(school age, 5-12 years)
5. Fidelity & devotion: Identity vs. Role Confusion
(Adolescence, 9 or 13-19 years)
6. Love & affiliation: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young
adult, 18 -40 years)
7. Care & production: Generativity vs. Stagnation
(adulthood, middle age, parenthood30-65 years)
8. Wisdom & renunciation: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
(mature age, old age, 65-death)
Freudian stages of psychosexual development

Developed by Sigmund Freud

Development complete by adolescent (Erikson: continues
throughout life)
Five phases of psychosexual stages:
1. Oral (0-1.5 y, baby, birth to walking)
2. Anal (1-3 y, toddler, toilet training)
3. Phallic (3-6 y, pre-school, nursery)
4. Latency (5-12 y, early school)
5. Genital (11-18 y, puberty, teens, earlier for girls)
Erikson's psy- Freudian life stage / relationships / potential potential negative
soc crisis psy- sex issues positive outcome
stages stages outcomes
(syntonic v
dystonic)

Trust v Oral infant / mother / feeding Hope and Sensory Distortion /

Mistrust and being comforted, Drive Withdrawal
teething, sleeping
Autonomy v Anal toddler / parents / bodily Willpower Impulsivity /
Shame & functions, toilet training, and Self- Compulsion
Doubt muscular control, walking Control

Initiative v Phallic preschool / family / Purpose and Ruthlessness /

Guilt exploration and Direction Inhibition
discovery, adventure and
play
Industry v Latency schoolchild / school, Competence Narrow Virtuosity /
Inferiority teachers, friends, and Method Inertia
neighbourhood /
achievement and
accomplishment
Erikson's psy- Freudian life stage / relationships / potential potential
soc crisis psy- sex issues positive negative
stages stages outcomes outcome
(syntonic v
dystonic)

Identity v Role Puberty and adolescent / peers, groups, Fidelity and Fanaticism /
Confusion Genitality influences / resolving identity Devotion Repudiation
and direction, becoming a
grown-up
Intimacy v (Genitality) young adult / lovers, friends, Love and Promiscuity /
Isolation work connections / intimate Affiliation Exclusivity
relationships, work and social
life
Generativity v n/a mid-adult / children, Care and Overextension /
Stagnation community / 'giving back', Production Rejectivity
helping, contributing

Integrity v n/a late adult / society, the world, Wisdom and Presumption /
Despair life / meaning and purpose, life Renunciation Disdain
achievements
The 12 Stages of Life (Thomas Armstrong)
Each stage of life has its own unique gift to contribute to the world.
The twelve gifts of the human life cycle:
1. Pre-birth: Potential holds for all of humanity the principle of what
we all may yet become in our lives.
2. Birth: Hope the newborn represents the sense of hope that we all
nourish inside of ourselves to make the world a better place.
3. Infancy (Ages 0-3): Vitality The infant is a vibrant and seemingly
unlimited source of energy.
4. Early Childhood (Ages 3-6): Playfulness When young children
play, they recreate the world anew.
5. Middle Childhood (Ages 6-8): Imagination the sense of an inner
subjective self develops for the first time, and this self is alive with
images taken in from the outer world, and brought up from the
depths of the unconscious.
6. Late Childhood (Ages 9-11): Ingenuity Older children have acquired a
wide range of social and technical skills. This principle of ingenuity lives on
in that part of ourselves that ever seeks new ways to solve practical
problems.
7. Adolescence (Ages 12-20): Passion - The biological event of puberty
unleashes a powerful set of changes in the adolescent body that reflect
themselves in a teenagers sexual, emotional, cultural, and/or spiritual
passion.
8. Early Adulthood (Ages 20-35): Enterprise It takes enterprise for young
adults to accomplish their many responsibilities.
9. Midlife (Ages 35-50): Contemplation people in midlife often take a break
from worldly responsibilities to reflect upon the deeper meaning of their
lives, the better to forge ahead with new understanding.
10.Mature Adulthood (Ages 50-80): Benevolence Those in mature adulthood
have raised families, established themselves in their work life, and become
contributors to the betterment of society. All of humanity benefits from
their benevolence.
11.Late Adulthood (Age 80+): Wisdom Those with long lives have acquired a
rich repository of experiences that they can use to help guide others. Elders
thus represent the source of wisdom that exists in each of us.
12.Death & Dying: Life Those in our lives who are dying, or who have died,
teach us about the value of living.
References
Bowen, Richard L.; Atwood, Craig S. (2004). "Living and Dying for Sex".
Gerontology 50 (5): 26590
Child Growth. Department of Education and Early childhood Development of
Victoria. Retrieved December 2013 from
http://www.education.vic.gov.au/childhood/professionals/support/pages/c
hildgrowth.aspx
Erikson's psychosocial development theory. Retrieved November 2013 from
http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm
Papalia, Diane. "Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood. Human
Development. Mc-Graw Hill
Phillips, Judith, Kristine Ajrouch, and Sarah Hillcoat-Nalltamby, Key Concepts
in Social Gerontology (SAGE Publications, 2010) 12-13
THANK YOU