AISC-Connections in Steel

Title Slide
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY :

STRUCTURE
Structural Steel Connections
STEEL
S T E E L
American Institute of Steel Construction1

OF THE EVERYDAY PRODUCTION TEAM College of Architecture
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture UNC - Charlotte
Project Director David Thaddeus, AIA
Slide Design & Graphics Deborah J. Arbes, RA
Modeling & Animations Joe Corsi

Dave Mayo
STRUCTURE
Production Assistants Jennifer August

Brittany Eaker
Kathy Phillips
IT Coordination Matt Parker

Photography David Thaddeus, AIA
John Cerny
S T E E L
Software PowerPoint
Photoshop
Cinema 4D (Mac)
For additional information, David Thaddeus, AIA, Associate Professor
please contact: Thaddeus@email.uncc.edu
College of Architecture,
UNC-Charlotte
2
Structural Steel Connections | CREDITS
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Acknowledgements
This project was made possible through funding from the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
with support from the College of Architecture at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Special thanks to the following people at AISC for their support and help over the duration of the project:
Fromy Rosenberg,PE, Director, AISC University Programs
Megan Maurer, Coordinator, AISC University Programs
STRUCTURE
The following people have my sincere gratitude for serving on the Focus Group and offering their
comments and feedback in the development of this project :
Kurt Baumgartner, AIA, JIA, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Terri Meyer Boake, Associate Professor, University of Waterloo
Thomas Fowler, Associate Professor, California Polytechnic State University
Harry Kaufman, PE, NCARB, Professor, Southern Polytechnic State University
Kemp Mooney, Kemp Mooney Architects
Tim Mrozowski, AIA, Professor, Michigan State University
S T E E L
Ryan Smith, Assistant Professor, University of Utah
The following AISC members have provided invaluable insight into the content of this teaching aid:
Ron Bruce, PE, President, Builders Steel Company, North Kansas City, MO
Lawrence Kruth, PE, Engineering & Safety Manager, Douglas Steel, Lansing, MI
David McKenzie, PE, Vice President - Engineering, SP International, North Kansas City, MO
3
Structural Steel Connections | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
OF THE EVERYDAY
Terms
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a non-profit technical

institute and trade association established in 1921 to serve the structural steel
design community and construction industry in the United States.
STRUCTURE
AISC is offering this teaching aid and learning tool for educational purposes only.
The data and information in this presentation is not intended for use in the
physical construction of steel structures.
The information presented here is considered public information and as such may
be distributed or copied. The use of appropriate credit to for images, byline,
animations, and content is requested.
We hope that you and your students will find this information useful.
S T E E L
Please contact Fromy Rosenberg (rosenberg@aisc.org) for further information

on AISC or for feedback on this teaching / learning product.
Please contact David Thaddeus (thaddeus@email.uncc.edu) for questions or
comments on the content of this project.
4
Structural Steel Connections | TERMS
OF THE EVERYDAY
Contents
Structural Steel Connections
Steel to Steel Connections

Overview
Bolted Connections
Welded Connections
Comparison
STRUCTURE
Shear Connections
Moment Connections
Column Splices
Additional Animations
Roller Connection
Curtain Wall to Steel Frame
S T E E L
5
Module III
Contents :
Structural Steel Connections | CONTENTS
OF THE EVERYDAY
Steel Connections | Overview
Connections are the glue that

holds a steel structure together.
STRUCTURE
Historically, most major structural failures have

been due to some form of connection failure.
Connections depend on:

S T E E L
Type of loading
Strength and stiffness
Economy
Difficulty or ease of erection
6
Structural Steel Connections | OVERVIEW
OF THE EVERYDAY
Steel connections have a direct influence

on the cost of the framing system.
While a connection may be efficient in the use

of material, it may still be very expensive to erect.
STRUCTURE
Repetitive connection design may save costs.

S T E E L
7
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Most connections have the connecting material (plates,angles, ) attached
to one member in the fabrication shop and to the other members in the field.
It is a common practice to weld shop attachments and to bolt field attachments.
If the supporting girder and a supported beam have the same depth,
the supported beam must be double coped.
STRUCTURE
End-plate connections are always shop welded.

S T E E L
8
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel Connections | Bolted Connections
Bolting is the preferred method of

connecting members on the site.
Staggered bolt layout allows easier
access for tightening with a pneumatic
STRUCTURE
wrench when a connection is all bolted .

High strength bolts may be snug-tightened
or slip-critical.
Snug-tightened connections are referred
to as bearing connections
Bolts in a slip-critical connection act like

S T E E L

clamps holding the plies of the material
together.
9
Structural Steel Connections | BOLTED CONNECTIONS
OF THE EVERYDAY
Bearing type connections may have threads

included ( Type N ) or excluded ( Type X ) Cy Twombly Gallery. Houston, Texas
Renzo Piano
from the shear plane(s).
Including the threads in the shear plane
STRUCTURE
reduces the strength of the connection

by approximately 25%.
Loading along the length of the bolt
puts the bolt in axial tension.
If tension failure occurs, it usually takes
place at the threaded section.
S T E E L
Milwaukee Art Museum. Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Santiago Calatrava
10
OF THE EVERYDAY
Three types of high strength bolts

A325, A490 (Hexagonal Head Bolts),
and F1852 (Button Head Bolt)
A325 may be galvanized Slotted holes allow for thermal

STRUCTURE
A490 bolts must not be galvanized expansion / contraction

F1852 bolts are mechanically galvanized
High strength bolts are most commonly
available in 5/8 1 diameters
Bolting requires punching or drilling of holes
Holes may be standard size holes,
S T E E L
oversize holes, short slotted holes,

long slotted holes
Oversize holes allow for tolerance

in assembling the frame
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OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel Connections | Welded Connections
Due to high costs of labor, extensive field -welding
is the most expensive component in a steel frame.
Welding should be performed on bare metal.
Shop welding is preferred over field welding.
STRUCTURE
The weld material should have a higher strength than the pieces being connected.
S T E E L
De Menil Collection Museum BCE Place Galleria

Houston . Texas Toronto . Canada
Renzo Piano Santiago Calatrava10
12
Structural Steel Connections | WELDED
OF THE EVERYDAY
Single-pass welds are more economical

than multi-pass welds.
The most economical size weld

that may be horizontally deposited
in one pass has 5/16.
STRUCTURE
Miller Outdoor Theater

Fillet welds and groove welds make up Houston . Texas.
the majority of all structural welds.
The strength of a fillet weld is directly

proportional to the welds throat dimension.
S T E E L
The capacity of a weld depends on the

welds throat dimension and its length
Crown Hall at IIT Campus

Chicago . Illinois
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
13
Structural Steel Connections | WELDED CONNECTIONS
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel Connections | Shear Connections
Shear connections are the most prevalent
type of connections in a steel frame building.
Shear connections are called simple connections
Since they are assumed not to transfer bending moment,
thus allowing end rotation of the member.
STRUCTURE
Shear connections may be made to the web of the

supported member while the flanges remain unconnected.
S T E E L
Cantilevered Beam with Shear splice Shear Connections transfer load from beam web
to column flange. No moment transfer occurs
since the flanges are free to rotate
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Structural Steel Connections | SHEAR CONNECTIONS
OF THE EVERYDAY
STRUCTURE
The Corning Museum of Glass

Corning . New York
Smith - Miller + Hawkinson
Theweldmaterialshouldhaveahigherstrengththanthepiecesbeingconnected.
Seat or hanger connections are the only type of shear connections that connect to the flange
of the supported beam.
Angles for shear connections may be attached to supporting members by bolting or welding.
S T E E L
Although single plate connections, are the most economical, they must always be evaluated
for eccentricity.
Single angle connections maintain end-rotation for flexible connections.
Single angle connections tend to have lower load capacities than double-angle connections.
15
Structural Steel Connections | SHEAR CONNECTIONS
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel Connections | Moment Connections
Moment connections are also called rigid connections.

Moment connections carry a portion or the full
moment capacity of the supported member thus
STRUCTURE
preventing any end-rotation of the member.

Moment connections are typically designed
to also carry the shear component of the load.
S T E E L
The Royal Ontario Museum

Toronto . Canada
Daniel Libeskind
16
Structural Steel Connections | MOMENT CONNECTIONS
OF THE EVERYDAY
Moment connections provide continuity between

the supported and supporting members.
STRUCTURE
Relative rotation between the supporting

and supported members is negligible.
The flanges of the supported member are
attached to either a connection element or
directly to the supporting member.
S T E E L
The De Menil Collection Museum

Houston . Texas
Renzo Piano
17
Structural Steel Connections | MOMENT CONNECTIONS
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel Connections | Welding vs. Bolting
WELDING BOLTING
STRUCTURE
Advantages: Advantages:
Eliminates need for punching or drilling. Easy method of connecting members

on the site.
Simplifies complicated joints.
Field-bolting is cheaper than
Disadvantages: field-welding.
S T E E L
Greater level of skill required Disadvantages:

for welding than bolting
Requires drilling or punching through
More expensive than bolting. all plies.
Weld inspection is required and is
expensive.
18
Structural Steel Connections | WELDING vs. BOLTING
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Bolted Double Angle | Field-Bolted Beam to Girder or Column
Double angles are shop-bolted to the web of the beam.
If the beam and girder have the same depth, then both
flanges of the beam are coped to meet flush with the top
flange of the girder.
The double angles are then field-bolted to the web
of the girder.
STRUCTURE
The holes on the beam and the girder may be offset

with respect to each other for ease of fastening.
Some rotation is possible in the gap between the beam
flanges and the column web. This happens by the yielding
of the connection material (the outstanding angle leg)
S T E E L
This is a shear connection since the double Angles are

fastened to the web, and transfer the load in shear.
The bolts on the beam web are in double shear.
Those on the girder web are in single shear.
19
Structural Steel Connections | SHEAR 1
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Bolted Double Angle | Field-Bolted Beam to Girder or Column
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
20
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Double Angle | Field-Bolted Beam to Girder or Column
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Double angles are shop-welded to the web of the beam.
If the beam and girder have different depth, the top flange of the
beam is coped to meet flush with the top flange of the girder.
The double angles are then field-bolted to the web of the girder.
Some rotation is possible in the gap between the beam flanges and the
column web. This happens by the yielding of the connection material
STRUCTURE
(the outstanding angle leg).

This is a shear connection since the double angles are fastened to the web,
and transfer the load in shear.
The bolts on the girder web are in single shear.
S T E E L
21
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Double Angle | Field-Bolted Beam to Girder
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
22
OF THE EVERYDAY
Shop-Welded Double Angle | Field-Welded Beam to Column Web
Double angles are shop-welded
to the web of the beam.
If the beam flanges are too wide to fit in between
the column flanges, the beam flanges will be coped.
Some rotation is possible in the gap between
STRUCTURE
the beam flanges and the column web. This

happens by the yielding of the connection
material (the outstanding angle leg)
This is a shear connection since the double angles
are fastened to the webs of the beam and column.
The vertical segment of the weld transfers the
S T E E L
load from the beam web to the column web.

Welding all around the outstanding leg will
inhibit the flexibility of the connection.
The weld at the top is limited to a weld-return.
The weld at the bottom is optional.
23
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Double Angle | Field-Welded Beam to Column Web
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
24
OF THE EVERYDAY
Shop-Welded Double Angle | Field-Welded Beam to Column Web
End plate is shop-welded to the web of the beam.

Holes in the end plate are drilled in the shop.
Some rotation is possible in the gap between the
beam flanges and the column web. This happens
STRUCTURE
by the yielding of the connection material

(the outstanding angle leg) The end plate is then
field-bolted to the web of the girder.
This is a shear connection as the end plate is
fastened to the web of the girder (beam flanges
are not secured against rotation)
S T E E L
The bolts attaching the end plate to the girder

web are in single shear.
25
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Double Angle | Field-Bolted Column Web
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
26
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Seat (Unstiffened) | Field-Bolted Seat to Column Flange
The angles are pre-drilled or punched in the shop
before they are welded to the flanges of the girder.
The bottom angle is called the seat.
The seat is where the girder transfers its load
to the column in bearing.
STRUCTURE
The top angle provides stability to the girder.

The seat angle is larger and thicker since it
transfers the load from the girder to the column.
Unlike others, this shear connection is not
made to the web.
S T E E L
The bolts attaching the seat angle to the column

flange are in single shear.
27
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Seat (Unstiffened) | Field-Bolted Seat to Column Flange
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
28
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Shop-Welded Single Plate | Field-Bolted Plate to Beam or Column
The single plate is pre-drilled or punched and

then shop-welded to the web of the girder.
The beam may be swung into place instead of
lowered into place.
STRUCTURE
The top flange of the beam is coped to match

the girder elevation.
This is a shear connection since the single plate
is fastened to the web of the beam.
The bolts shown are in single shear.
S T E E L
This connection can transfer a small amount of

moment to the supporting member
29
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Single Plate | Field-Bolted Plate to Beam Web
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
30
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Flange Plates | Field-Bolted Girder to Column
The top and bottom flange plates are pre- drilled
and then shop-welded to the column.
The single plate is shop-bolted to the web of the
girder.
The top and bottom flange plates are field-bolted
STRUCTURE
to the girder flanges.

The single plate is field-welded to the column web. The Corning Museum of Glass
Corning . New York
The flange plates are cut to fill the space between Smith - Miller + Hawkinson
the column flanges.
The corners of the flange plates are clipped to eliminate the development
of stress concentrations at the re-entrant (back) corners.
S T E E L
These corners are left open and are not welded.

The single plate on the girder web transfers shear to the column.
The flange plates prevent rotation and thus the transfer of moment forces
to the column
Allowance for shims must be made. Mill tolerance on beam depth needs
to be accommodated
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Structural Steel Connections | MOMENT 1
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
32
The top and bottom flanges are pre-drilled
and then shop-welded to the column.
The single plate is shop-bolted to the web of the girder.
The top and bottom flange plates are field-welded
to the girder flanges.
STRUCTURE
The single plate is field-welded to the column web.

The flange plates are cut to fill the space between
the column flanges.
The corners of the flange plates are clipped
to eliminate the development of stress
concentrations at the re-entrant (back) corners.
S T E E L
These corners are left open and are not welded.

The single plate on the girder web transfers shear to the column
The flange plates prevent rotation and thus the transfer of moment
forces to the column, which makes this a moment connection
Allowance for shims must be made.
Mill tolerance on beam depth needs to be accommodated
33
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
34
OF THE EVERYDAY
Shop-Welded End Plate | Field-Bolted Girder to Column
The end plate is pre-drilled and shop-welded

to the end of the girder.
The corresponding holes in the column flange
are pre-drilled.
STRUCTURE
The two transverse stiffener plates are shop-

welded to secure the column flanges against
the load transferred from the girder flanges.
Extended end-plate connections require
tight fabrication and erection tolerances.
Extended end plate prevents rotation and thus
S T E E L
transfers moment forces to the column, which

makes this a moment connection.
35
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded Plate | Field-Bolted Girder to Column
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
36
OF THE EVERYDAY Field-Bolted Moment Splice | Girder to Girder or Column Connection
All holes in this connection are
pre-drilled in the shop.
The web and flanges of each girder
are pre-drilled.
(2) Shear plates are field-bolted in
STRUCTURE
each side of the webs.

The Royal Ontario Museum
The plates that attach the (2) webs to each Toronto . Canada
Daniel Libeskind
other are responsible for transferring shear.
Pre-drilled flange plates are field-bolted to
the top and bottom flanges.
S T E E L
The flange plates are responsible for transferring

bending moments across the connection.
The bolts fastening the web plates
are in double shear.
The flange plates prohibit any rotation
and so this is a moment connection.
37
OF THE EVERYDAY Field-Bolted Moment Splice | Girder to Girder or Column Connection
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
38
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded or Shop Bolted Splice | Connecting Two Different Columns
The plates are pre-punched and then shop-welded

to the lower (larger) column.
The flange splice plates are field-bolted together.
If the two columns have the same depth, but different flange thickness,
STRUCTURE
then a filler plate or shim is used to make up the difference in thickness.

S T E E L
39
Structural Steel Connections | COLUMN SPLICE 1
OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded or Shop Bolted Splice | Connecting Two Different Size Columns
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
40
OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Field - Welded Column Splice
A temporary plate or erection aid

is either welded or bolted to the
web and / or flange of the lower
(larger) column in the shop.
Flange plates may also be
STRUCTURE
required for stability of the

column during erection.
This plate helps align the upper
and lower columns.
Steel Columns are most economical when
The upper and lower columns they extend over 2 or more stories
may be of different sizes.
S T E E L
The flanges and webs of the

two columns are field- welded
to each other.
This type of weld is called a
groove weld.
Groove welds
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OF THE EVERYDAY Shop-Welded, Field - Bolted Column Splice
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
42
Structural Steel Connections | COLUMN SLPICE 2
OF THE EVERYDAY
Thermal Expansion and Contraction for a Highway Girder on a Roller Connection
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
43
Structural Steel Connections | Rock & Roll Connection
OF THE EVERYDAY Curtain Wall Connection to a Steel Frame
STRUCTURE
S T E E L
44
Structural Steel Connections | Envelope to Frame
OF THE EVERYDAY
STRUCTURE
the end
S T E E L
45
Structural Steel Connections | The American Institute of Steel Construction

AISC-Connections in Steel

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Title Slide

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY :

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

Structural Steel Connections

American Institute of Steel Construction1

Slide Design & Graphics Deborah J. Arbes, RA

Modeling & Animations Joe Corsi

Production Assistants Jennifer August

IT Coordination Matt Parker

Ryan Smith, Assistant Professor, University of Utah

The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a non-profit technical

Please contact Fromy Rosenberg (rosenberg@aisc.org) for further information

Steel to Steel Connections

Connections are the glue that

Historically, most major structural failures have

Connections depend on:

Steel connections have a direct influence

While a connection may be efficient in the use

Repetitive connection design may save costs.

End-plate connections are always shop welded.

Bolting is the preferred method of

wrench when a connection is all bolted .

Bolts in a slip-critical connection act like

Bearing type connections may have threads

reduces the strength of the connection

Milwaukee Art Museum. Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Three types of high strength bolts

A325 may be galvanized Slotted holes allow for thermal

A490 bolts must not be galvanized expansion / contraction

oversize holes, short slotted holes,

Oversize holes allow for tolerance

De Menil Collection Museum BCE Place Galleria

Single-pass welds are more economical

The most economical size weld

Miller Outdoor Theater

The strength of a fillet weld is directly

The capacity of a weld depends on the

Crown Hall at IIT Campus

Shear connections may be made to the web of the

The Corning Museum of Glass

Moment connections are also called rigid connections.

preventing any end-rotation of the member.

The Royal Ontario Museum

Moment connections provide continuity between

Relative rotation between the supporting

The De Menil Collection Museum

Eliminates need for punching or drilling. Easy method of connecting members

Greater level of skill required Disadvantages:

The holes on the beam and the girder may be offset

This is a shear connection since the double Angles are

(the outstanding angle leg).

the beam flanges and the column web. This

load from the beam web to the column web.

End plate is shop-welded to the web of the beam.

by the yielding of the connection material

The bolts attaching the end plate to the girder

The top angle provides stability to the girder.

The bolts attaching the seat angle to the column

The single plate is pre-drilled or punched and

The top flange of the beam is coped to match

This connection can transfer a small amount of

to the girder flanges.

These corners are left open and are not welded.

The single plate is field-welded to the column web.