Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Balance
Biochemistry Department
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Explain what is meant by
fluid balance, electrolyte
balance, and acid-base
balance
Describe the
compensatory mechanisms Compare the compositions
involved in acid-base of ICF and ECF
balance
ICF
ECF
Respond to changes in
plasma volume or
osmotic concentrations
All water moves
passively in response to
osmotic gradients
Body content of water
or electrolytes rises if
intake exceeds outflow
Figure 27.2 Cations and Anions in Body Fluids
Primary regulatory
hormones
Antidiuretic Natriuretic
hormone Aldosterone peptides (ANP
(ADH) and BNP)
Temperature
Water loss rise from fever Water gains
Water excess and depletion
Hypernatremi
Hyponatremia Dehydration
a
Potassium
Usually result from
imbalances are less
sodium ion
common, but more
imbalances
dangerous
Sodium balance
Rate of sodium uptake Shifts in sodium
across digestive tract balance result in
directly proportional expansion or
to dietary intake contraction of ECF
Large variations
corrected by homeostatic
Sodium losses occur
mechanisms
through urine and
Too low, ADH / aldosterone
perspiration secreted
Too high, ANP secreted
Figure 27.4 The Homeostatic Regulation of
Normal Sodium Ion Concentrations in Body Fluids
Figure 27.5 The Integration of Fluid
Volume Regulation and Sodium Ion
Concentrations in Body Fluids
Figure 27.5
Potassium balance
Not as closely regulated as sodium
Potassium ion excretion increases as
ECF concentrations rise
Aldosterone secreted
pH rises
Potassium retention occurs when pH
falls
Potassium ion
concentrations in ECF
are low
ECF Concentrations of other
electrolytes
Magnesium Chloride
Bone reserves, balance Absorbed by the balance
absorption in Absorbed by the PCT in response Absorbed at
the digestive to calcitriol
PCT to keep digestive tract
tract, and loss
pace with to balance
at kidneys
urinary losses losses in urine
Calcium Phosphate and sweat
balance balance
SECTION 27-5: Acid-base
Balance
Inverse
relationship
between pH and
concentration of
CO2
Figure 27.6 The Basic Relationship
between PCO2 and Plasma pH
Mechanisms of pH control
It is limited by
availability of
bicarbonate ions
(bicarbonate reserve)
Figure 27.9 The Carbonic Acid-
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Maintenance of acid-base balance
Changing
respiratory rates
changes PCO2
Respiratory
compensation
Figure 27.10 Kidney tubules and pH
Regulation
Figure 27.10 Kidney
tubules and pH Regulation
SECTION 27-6: Disturbances of Acid-base Balance
Maintain
tight
control
within
Buffer range 7.35
Renal
Respiration 7.45
systems function
Figure 27.11 The Central Role of the
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer
System in the Regulation of Plasma pH
Figure 27.11 The Central Role of the
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer
System in the Regulation of Plasma pH
Acid-Base
Disorders
Respiratory Metabolic
acid-base acid-base
disorders disorders
Result when
abnormal
respiratory Generation of
function causes organic or fixed
rise or fall in CO2 acids
in ECF
Anything affecting
concentration of
bicarbonate ions in
ECF
Respiratory acid-base
disorders
Respirator Respirator
y acidosis y alkalosis
Results from
excessive levels Relatively rare
of CO2 in body condition
fluids
Associated with
hyperventilatio
n
Figure 27.12 Respiratory Acid-
Base Regulation
Figure 27.12 Respiratory Acid-Base
Regulation
Metabolic acid-base
disorders
Major causes of
Metabolic
metabolic
alkalosis
acidosis are:
Caused by
repeated
vomiting
Figure 27.13 The Response
to Metabolic Acidosis
Figure 27.14
Metabolic
Alkalosis
Figure 27.14
Detection of acidosis and
alkalosis
Distinguish
Diagnostic between
blood tests respiratory and
metabolic
PCO2 Bicarbonate
Blood pH
levels
Figure 27.15 A Diagnostic Chart
for Acid-Base Disorders
SECTION 27-7: Aging and Fluid,
Electrolyte, and Acid-base Balance
Increased water
Impaired ability to demands
Reduced total body
perform renal Reduced ability to
water content concentrate urine
compensation
Reduced sensitivity to
ADH/ aldosterone
Secondary conditions
Inability to perform
that affect fluid,
Net loss of minerals respiratory
electrolyte, acid-base
compensation
balance
You should now be familiar with:
The movement of fluid that takes place within the ECF, between the
ECF and the ICF, and between the ECF and the environment
You should now be familiar with: