MAHATMA GANDHI CHITRAKOOT

GRAMODAYA VISHWAVIDYALAYA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Topic :- Ice Manufacturing Processes

Represented to :- Represented by :-
Dr. Anjaney Kumar Pandey Animesh Singh Sengar
Dean, FET, MGCGV B.Tech. (FT) VII sem
 Ice and its Properties

Ice is an result of freezing of liquid water.

At 0C, both liquid and solid phase of water
exists.
Crystals of ice contains large portion of empty
space.
At same temperature ice is less denser than
liquid water.
Maximum density of water occurs at 4C.
Depression in freezing temperature occurs by
increasing the soluble constituents.
 Manufacturing Process

Commercially portable water is used for freezing.

Secondary refrigerant (brine) is used as heat
transfer medium.
Brine temperature is maintained between -10C
to -11C.
Ammonia gas is used as refrigerant.
Because of its excellent thermal properties.
 Energy Calculations
For converting 1Kg of water at 10C into ice at -10C.
we have, (at atmospheric pressure)
specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg K = SpW
specific heat of ice = 2.09 kJ/kg K = Spi
latent heat of fusion (ice) = 334 kJ/kg = hg
Formula
(1) to convert 10C water to 0C ice
q = mCp (T) = 1kg 4.187 (0C -10C )
= - 41.87 kJ.
(2) To convert 0C water to ice 0C
q = - 334 kJ

(3) To convert 0C ice to -10C ice

q = 1kg 2.09 (-10C - 0C )
= - 20.9 kJ

Total energy required will be

= (- 41.87) + (- 334) + (- 20.9) kJ
= - 396.77 kJ.
( Negative sign denotes the removal of energy
from water to freeze it )
Ice plant layout
 Function of Components
(Refrigeration System)

It is an SIMPLE VAPOR COMPRESSION

REFRIGERATION CYCLE .

CONDENSER

High pressure ammonia vapors are condensed.

RECEIVER

Condensed liquid NH3 is collected in the receiver.

EXPANSION VALVE -

Liquid NH3 is expanded by these valves.

COOLING COILS

1. These are the evaporator coils surrounding a

brine tank.
2. Cooling of brine occurs.
3. L-NH3 absorbs heat from brine equal to its
latent heat of vaporization and gets converted to
vapor phase.

BRINE TANKS

It is an insulated tank and for increasing the heat

transfer from water to chilled brine, constant
motion agitators are employed.

COMPRESSOR

These condensed vapors fed again to the

compressor to complete the cycle.
 Types of Icemakers

Block ice
Rapid block ice
Flake ice
Tube ice
Plate ice

Flaked icemaker
 Ice Storage systems

The size of store required will depend on the

pattern of operation.
It is never advisable to store less than 2 days
production, and in most installations it is useful to
be able to store 4-5 times the daily production.
Types of ice storage systems
1. Silo storage
2. Bin storage
3. Block ice storage
 Important Points
Ice cans should be fabricated from galvanized steel
sheets and Chromium treated to prevent Corrosion due
to chemical reactions.
It also prevents corrosion from NH 3, in case if it leaks.

To get clean transparent ice, water in cans are agitated

by low pressure air through tubes from the top.
If portable water is frozen below -12C than it can
crack. So maximum -11 to -10C should be
maintained.
As these are melt able products, so proper storage
facilities should be maintained.
 Water in ice-can cools rapidly up to 3 to 4C,
thereafter it takes more time for water to touch
0C. ( Newton's law of cooling )

Rate of freezing decreases as the thickness of ice

layer increases.

This is because ice offers more thermal

resistance to the heat flow.

Generally NaCl and CaCl2 salts are used for brine

manufacture.

Freezing time depends upon brine temperature

and rate of agitation.
A video clip from icemakers
Thank
you