Wind Dynamic Analysisof Structures

Engineering & Construction Ventures
Wind Dynamic Analysis of

Structures
SALIENT POINTS
NATURE OF WIND MOTION
DAMAGES CAUSE DUE TO STRONG WIND
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER WIND
CODAL PROVISIONS
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
ADVANCED TOPICS
WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

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NATURE OF WIND MOTION

3
NATURE OF WIND
Cyclones
It belongs to tropical cyclones, which derive all their energy from the latent heat released by the
condensation of water vapour. Extra tropical cyclones are produced by mountain barriers or by
interaction of air masses along fronts; 30 - 45 km/h.
Hurricane
The strongest wind is called hurricane (Hunraken); 150 - 300 km/h;
Typhoon
Hurricanes are known as typhoons (Far East) cyclones (Australia, IndianOcean)
Tornadoes
Most powerful winds causing the greatest damage; vortex of air(~300 m in diameter) develops
within severe thunderstorms; move 20~25 km predominantly towards NE; funnel-shaped clouds;
minimum pressure at the centre of the vortex. Thunderstorms: caused by heavy precipitation (like
wall jets)

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MEASUREMENT OF WIND

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MEASUREMENT OF WIND - ANEMOGRAM

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ANEMOGRAM FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE

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WIND SCALE

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ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE

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ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE

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NATURAL CATASTROPHIC EVENTS

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ESCARPMENTS AND HILL SLOPES

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DAMAGES CAUSE DUE TO STRONG WIND

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FAILURE OF STRUCTURES

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FAILURE OF STRUCTURES

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DAMAGES TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

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DAMAGES TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

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DAMAGES TO LOW RISE BUILDINGS

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DAMAGES TO LOW RISE BUILDINGS

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DAMAGES TO WIND TURBINE TOWER

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RESPONSE UNDER WIND

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RESPONSE UNDER WIND

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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
UNDER WIND

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DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND
1. Longitudinal Gust of Wind
The gust response factor, G, may be
defined as the ratio of the expected
maximum response (e.g. deflection or
stress) of the structure in a defined time
period (e.g. 10 min or 1 h), to the mean, or
time-averaged response, in the same time
period.

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2. Lateral Gustiness or Cross Wind

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2. Lateral Gustiness or Cross Wind

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3. Unsteady wake flow (Vortex Shedding)
4. Negative Aero Dynamic Damping or
Galloping
Galloping is a form of aerodynamic instability caused by negative
aerodynamic damping in the cross wind direction
1 dC L z
Fz a U b(C D
2
)( )
2 d U
1 dC
a Ub(C D L )z
2 d
dC L
For (C D ) 0 , Fz is positive - acts in same direction as z
d

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3. Unsteady wake flow (Vortex Shedding)

4. Negative Aero Dynamic Damping or
Galloping
Cross sections prone to galloping :
Square section (zero angle of attack)
D-shaped cross section

iced-up transmission line or guy cable

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5. Flutter
Aerodynamic instabilities involving rotation are known as flutter, using
aeronautical parlance, and are a potential problem with the suspended
decks of long-span bridges.

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6. Ovaling
The Tip of Chimney can experience radial motion with a number of
lobes around its circumference.
This is termed as ovalling and the most common motion appears to be
two-lobed oscillation with two cycles around the periphery appearing
like a near ellipse at maximum amplitude.
Generally occurs, when the period of circular ring coincides with the
half the period of vortex shedding.

32
7. Lock-in
Motion-induced forces can occur during vibration produced by vortex
shedding
The frequency of the shedding of vortices can lock-in to the frequency of
motion of the body.
The strength of the vortices shed, and the fluctuating forces resulting are
also enhanced.
Lock-in has been observed many times during the vibration of lightly
damped cylindrical structures such as steel chimneys, and occasionally
during the vortex-induced vibration of long-span bridges.

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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER WIND
Cross-wind response of slender towers

Sinusoidal excitation model :
Equation of motion (jth mode):
G j a C j a K j a Q j (t )
h
m(z) j (z) dz
2
Gj is the generalized or effective mass = 0
j(z) is mode shape

h
Qj(t) is the generalized or effective force = 0
f(z, t) j (z) dz

34
Representing the applied force Qj(t) as a sinusoidal function of time, an
expression for the peak deflection at the top of the structure can be
derived : h h
y max (h) a C b 0 j (z) dz C j (z) dz
2
0
h 2
b 16 2 G j jSt 2

4 Sc St 2 (z) dz
0
j
Cj
where j is the critical damping ratio for the jth mode, equal to 2 GjK j
Strouhal Number for vortex shedding ze = effective height ( 2h/3)

nsb n jb
St
U(z e ) U(z e )
(Scruton Number or mass-damping parameter) m = average mass/unit
height 4m j
Sc
a b2

35
y max k.C
This can be simplified to :
b 4 .Sc.St 2
h

where k is a parameter depending on mode shape 0 j (z) dz
h
j (z) dz
2
0
The mode shape j(z) can be taken as (z/h)
For uniform or near-uniform cantilevers, can be taken as 1.5;

then k = 1.6

36
Random excitation model (Vickery/Basu)
Assumes excitation due to vortex shedding is a random process
lock-in behaviour is reproduced by negative aerodynamic damping
Peak response is inversely proportional to the square root of the
damping
In its simplest form, peak response can be written as :
y A

b [( Sc / 4 ) K (1 y 2 )]1/ 2
ao 2
yL
A = a non dimensional parameter constant for a particular structure
(forcing terms)
Kao = a non dimensional parameter associated with aerodynamic
damping
yL= limiting amplitude of vibration

37
Random excitation model (Vickery/Basu)
Three response
regimes :
Maximum tip 0.10
deflection /
diameter
Lock-in
Regime
Lock in region - response
0.01
driven by aerodynamic
damping Transition
Regime
Forced
vibration
Regime
0.001
2 5 10 20
Scruton
Number

39
TOWERS, CHIMNEYS AND MASTS - SCRUTON NUMBER
The Scruton Number (or mass-damping parameter) appears in peak

response calculated by both the sinusoidal and random excitation
models
4m
Sc
a b2
m
Sometimes a mass-damping parameter is used = Sc /4 =
a b2
Clearly the lower the Sc, the higher the value of ymax / b (either
model)
Sc (or Ka) are often used to indicate the propensity to
vortex-induced vibration

40
SCRUTON NUMBER AND STEEL STACKS
Sc (or Ka) is often used to indicate the propensity to vortex-induced
vibration
e.g. for a circular cylinder, Sc > 10 (or Ka > 0.8), usually indicates low
amplitudes of vibration induced by vortex shedding for circular
cylinders
American National Standard on Steel Stacks (ASME STS-1-1992)
provides criteria for checking for vortex-induced vibrations, based on
Ka
Mitigation methods are also discussed : helical strakes, shrouds,
additional damping (mass dampers, fabric pads, hanging chains)
A method based on the random excitation model is also provided in

ASME STS-1-1992 (Appendix 5.C) for calculation of displacements
for design purposes.

41
TOWERS, CHIMNEYS AND MASTS - HELICAL STRAKES
For mitigation of vortex-shedding induced vibration :

h/3
h
Eliminates cross-wind vibration, but increases 0.1b
drag coefficient and along-wind vibration

b

42
TOWERS, CHIMNEYS AND MASTS
Slender structures (height/width is high)
Mode shape in first mode - non linear

Higher resonant modes may be significant
Cross-wind response significant for circular cross-sections
critical velocity for vortex shedding 5n1b for circular sections

10 n1b for square sections
- more frequently occurring wind speeds than for square sections

43
GUST EFFECTIVE FACTOR METHOD ALONG WIND EFFECT
As per IS 875 - 1993
Roughness
Factor Gust Energy Factor
Damping
Size Reduction
Gust Factor BackGround Factor Factor

44
ACROSS WIND EFFECT (VORTEX SHEDDING)

45
ALONG-WIND RESPONSE - GUST RESPONSE FACTOR
Shear force : Qmax = Q. Gq
Bending moment : Mmax = M. Gm
Deflection : xmax = x. Gx
The gust response factors for base b.m. and tip deflection
differ - because of non-linear mode shape
The gust response factors for b.m. and shear depend on the
height of the load effect, z1 i.e. Gq(z1) and Gm(z1) increase with z1

46
Along-wind response - effective static loads
160
140
Resonant Combined
120
Height (m)
100 Background
80
60
Mean
40
20
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Effective pressure (kPa)
Separate effective static load distributions for mean, background

and resonant components.

47
Cross-wind response of slender towers
For lattice towers - only excitation mechanism is lateral turbulence
For solid cross-sections, excitation by vortex shedding is usually
dominant (depends on wind speed)
Two models : i) Sinusoidal excitation
ii) Random excitation
Sinusoidal excitation has generally been applied to steel chimneys
where large amplitudes and lock-in can occur - useful for
diagnostic check of peak amplitudes in codes and standards
Random excitation has generally been applied to R.C. chimneys

where amplitudes of vibration are lower. Accurate values are
required for design purposes. Method needs experimental data at
high Reynolds Numbers.

48
CODAL PROVISION

49
50
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REFERENCES
AS/NZS1170.2: 2002 Structural Design Actions-Part 2: Wind Actions.
IS 4998 (Part 1) 1992 - Indian Standard Criteria for Design of Reinforced

Concrete Chimneys.
CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys.
IITK-GSMDA-Wind02-V5.0 - IS 875 (Part3): Wind Loads on Buildings and

Structure Proposed Draft and Commentary.
American National Standard on Steel Stacks (ASME STS-1-1992)

54
CODAL COMPARISIONS

55
CODAL COMPARISIONS

56
WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF
STRUCTURES
57
WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF
STRUCTURES
58
59
60
61
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PRACTICAL EXAMPLE

63
CASE STUDY
LOADING AS PER IS 875
STATIC
DYNAMIC EFFECT
GUST
VORTEX
(1) Aspect Ratio

Height of the structure / Length or Breadth > 5
(8.94)
(2) Frequency :
Fundamental frequency of the Structure is < 1 Hz
(1.14 Hz )
Any Building which falls in either of the above two criteria's
needs to be examined for Dynamic effects of Wind.

64
GUST EFFECTIVE FACTOR METHOD ALONG WIND EFFECT
As per IS 875 - 1993
Roughness
Factor Gust Energy Factor
Damping
Size Reduction
Gust Factor BackGround Factor Factor

65
ACROSS WIND EFFECT (VORTEX SHEDDING)
S = 0.15
Vd = k1*k2*k3*Vb = 1.07*1.0*0.96*44 = 45.2 m/s
b = 12 m.
Hz
It is very low compared to f = 1.14 Hz.
Hence ,No need to considered across wind component

66
CASE STUDY
LOADING AS PER IS 875 Max Pressure 1.83 kN/m2
BASED ON 3 SEC GUST

BASIC WIND VELOCITY
Vb= 44 m/s
Vz= k1 k2 k3 Vb m/s
pz =0.6 Vz2 N/m2
Where,
k1 =1.07, k2 = varies
k3 = 1.0
F = Cf *A * pz
Force Coefficient Cf = 1.75
Max Pressure 1.303 kN/m2
WIND PRESSURES

67
CASE STUDY- DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF TOWER
1.14 Hz. mx =24%, mz=16% 1.26 Hz. mx =17.4%, mz=25%

68
CASE STUDY
LOADING AS PER IS 875

BASED ON Hourly Wind Speed
(Table 33 as per IS : 875 ( Part 3 ))

F = G *A * pz
Force Coefficient Cf = 1.81
Remark:
Pressures around 22 % more
than static case
Catering only for along
wind Gustiness.
WIND PRESSURES

69
CASE STUDY
DEFLECTION UNDER STATIC WIND LOAD
Sr. Direction Ux Uy Uz
No. (mm) (mm) (mm)
(1) Wind -+X 160.4 20 12.7
(2) Wind - -X 162 22.3 19.4
(3) Wind - +Z 16 20.5 178
(4) Wind - -Z 16 22.7 181
Limiting : h/300 = 76000/300 ~ 253.3 mm
Wind in X Direction
70
CASE STUDY
DEFLECTION UNDER DYNAMIC WIND LOAD
Sr. Direction Ux Uy Uz
No. (mm) (mm) (mm)
(1) Wind -+X 181.3 1.05 15
(2) Wind - -X 184 26 29
(3) Wind - +Z 24 23 203.4
(4) Wind - -Z 24.2 26 206.2
Wind in X Direction
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CASE STUDY STATIC CASE
Sr. Direction Base

No. Shear
(kN)
(1) Wind -+X 2740
(2) Wind - -X 2683
(3) Wind - +Z 2993
(4) Wind - -Z 3000
Wind in X Direction
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CASE STUDY DYNAMIC CASE
Sr. Direction Base

No. Shear
(kN)
(1) Wind -+X 3250

(2) Wind - -X 3225
(3) Wind - +Z 3294
(4) Wind - -Z 3603
Wind in X Direction
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CASE STUDY SEISMIC LOAD
LOADING AS PER IS 1893(4)
Zone : Mumbai
Class 1 Type of Structure
Case : MCE
Z= 0.16
I = 1.5
R=2
Damping 4 %
Ah =0.16*1.5/2 = 0.12

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CASE STUDY
Sr. Direction Base

No. Shear
(kN)
(1) Seismic X 996
(2) Seismic Z 774
(3) Seismic Y 354
Seismic in X Direction
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COMPARISON OF OVERTURNING MOMENTS UNDER WIND
LOADS (ALONG WIND AND CROSS WIND COMPONENTS)
As per Indian Code IS 875 (3) 1987
For Diagonal Wind
8730t-m 13587 t-m
10201 t-m 16192.5 t-m

13427 t-m G= 1.774 Cf=1.75
G= 1.774 Cf=1.75
G= 1.774 Cf=1.2
As per Australian Code AS/NZS1170.2
8705t-m 10295t-
m
Diagonal Wind Not
Considered
10446t-m
14666.5t-m
14848 t- 12029 t-m
WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES m
76
ADVANCED TOPIC

77
WIND TUNNEL TESTING

78
CASE STUDY MACAU TOWER
Concrete tower 248 metres (814

feet) high Tapered cylindrical
section up to 200 m (656 feet) :16
m diameter (0 m) to 12 m diameter
(200 m)
Pod with restaurant and
observation decks Between 200
m and 238m Steel
communications tower 248 to 338
metres (814 to 1109 feet)
Wind tunnel model scaling : Aeroelastic model (1/150)
Length ratio Lr = 1/150
Density ratio r = 1
Velocity ratio Vr = 1/3

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CASE STUDY : MACAU TOWER
Wind-tunnel
AS1170.2
Derived ratios to design model :
Macau Building Code
Bending stiffness ratio EIr = r Vr2 Lr4
350
Full-scale Height (m)

Axial stiffness ratio EAr = r Vr Lr
2 2
300
Use stepped aluminium alloy spine
to model stiffness of main shaft and 250
legs 200
150
100
50
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Vm /V240
Mean velocity profile

80
Wind tunnel test results - along-wind b.m. (MN.m) at 85.5 m (280 ft.)
R.m.s.
MACAU TOWER Mean
Maximum
0.5% damping Minimum
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 0 20 40 60 80 100
Full scale mean wind speed at 250m (m/s)

81
Wind tunnel test results - cross-wind b.m.(MN.m) at 85.5 m (280
ft.)
MACAU TOWER Mean

R.m.s.
0.5% damping
Maximum Minimum
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 0 20 40 60 80 100
-1000
-1500
-2000
Full scale mean wind speed at 250m (m/s)

82
CASE STUDY - ALONG WIND RESPONSE
At each level on the structure define equivalent wind loads
for :
mean wind pressure
background (quasi-static) fluctuating wind pressure
resonant (inertial) loads
These components all have different distributions
Combine three components of load distributions for
bending moments at various levels on tower
Computer model calibrated against wind-tunnel results

83
Macau Tower Effective static loads
(s=0 m)
U m ean = 59 7m/s; 5% damping
350
300 Mean
250
Height (m)
Background
200
Resonant
150
100 Combined
50
0
0 100 200
Load (kN/m)

84
Wind-tunnel
MACAU TOWER
AS1170.2- Turbulence
Macau Building
Intensity ProfileCode
Turbulence intensity profile :
350
300
250
Height (m)
Full-scale
200
150
100
50
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Iu

85
Along-wind response was dominant
Cross-wind vortex shedding excitation not strong because

of complex pod geometry near the top
Along- and cross-wind have similar fluctuating components
about equal, but total along-wind response includes mean
component

86
ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES
Tuned Liquid Dampers
Tuned Mass Dampers
Viscous Liquid Dampers
OVERVIEW OF SEISMIC DESIGN 4/4/17

87
THANK YOU

88

Wind Dynamic Analysisof Structures

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Engineering & Construction Ventures

Wind Dynamic Analysis of

DAMAGES CAUSE DUE TO STRONG WIND

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

3. Unsteady wake flow (Vortex Shedding)

D-shaped cross section

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Cross-wind response of slender towers

j(z) is mode shape

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Strouhal Number for vortex shedding ze = effective height ( 2h/3)

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

For uniform or near-uniform cantilevers, can be taken as 1.5;

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

The Scruton Number (or mass-damping parameter) appears in peak

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

A method based on the random excitation model is also provided in

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

For mitigation of vortex-shedding induced vibration :

drag coefficient and along-wind vibration

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Slender structures (height/width is high)

Mode shape in first mode - non linear

critical velocity for vortex shedding 5n1b for circular sections

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

As per IS 875 - 1993

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Shear force : Qmax = Q. Gq

Bending moment : Mmax = M. Gm

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Effective pressure (kPa)